A summit meeting (or just summit) is an international meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955).[1] During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.[2]
Notable summits
edit- U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) (January 29 – March 27, 1941)
- Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)
- Moscow Conference (September 29 – October 1, 1941)
- Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)
- Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942)
- Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)
- Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)
- Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)
- Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)
- Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943)
- Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)
- Third Moscow Conference (October 18 – November 1, 1943)
- Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943)
- Tehran Conference (November 28 – December 1, 1943)
- Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
- Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)
- United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)
- Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)
- Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)
- Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)
- Malta Conference (January 30 – February 2, 1945)
- Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)
- United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25 – June 26, 1945)
- Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945)
- Geneva Summit, July 18–23, 1955
- Washington and Camp David Summit, September 15, 26–27, 1959
- Paris Summit, May 16–17, 1960
- Vienna Summit, June 3–4, 1961
- Glassboro Summit Conference, June 23 and 25, 1967
- Moscow Summit (SALT I), May 22–30, 1972
- Washington Summit, June 18–25, 1973
- Moscow Summit, June 28 – July 3, 1974
- Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control, November 23–24, 1974
- Helsinki Summit, July 30 and August 2, 1975
- Vienna Summit (SALT II), June 15–18, 1979
- Geneva Summit, November 19–21, 1985
- Reykjavík Summit, October 10–12, 1986
- Washington Summit, December 7–10, 1987
- Moscow Summit, May 29 – June 1, 1988
- New York Summit, December 7, 1988
- Malta Summit, December 2–3, 1989
- Washington D.C., May 30 – June 3, 1990
- Helsinki Summit, September 9, 1990
- Paris Summit, November 19, 1990
- London Summit, July 17, 1991
- Moscow Summit (START I), July 30–31, 1991
- Madrid Summit, October 29–30, 1991
- 1993 – Moscow Summit (START II)
- 1998 – Moscow Summit
- 2001 – Slovenia Summit 2001
- 2002 – Moscow Summit (SORT)
- 2005 – Slovakia Summit 2005
- 2018 – Russia–United States summit
- 2021 – Russia–United States summit
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- 1992 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- 2002 – Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa,
- 2012 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
G–summits
edit- 1975 – 1st G6 summit, Château de Rambouillet
- Group of Seven (G7), heads of government
- 1976 – 2nd G7 summit, San Juan
- 1977 – 3rd G7 summit, London
- 1978 – 4th G7 summit, Bonn
- 1979 – 5th G7 summit, Tokyo
- 1980 – 6th G7 summit, Venice
- 1981 – 7th G7 summit, Montebello
- 1982 – 8th G7 summit, Versailles
- 1983 – 9th G7 summit, Williamsburg
- 1984 – 10th G7 summit, London
- 1985 – 11th G7 summit, Bonn
- 1986 – 12th G7 summit, Tokyo
- 1987 – 13th G7 summit, Venice
- 1988 – 14th G7 summit, Toronto
- 1989 – 15th G7 summit, Grande Arche
- 1990 – 16th G7 summit, Houston
- 1991 – 17th G7 summit, London
- 1992 – 18th G7 summit, Munich
- 1993 – 19th G7 summit, Tokyo
- 1994 – 20th G7 summit, Naples
- 1995 – 21st G7 summit, Halifax
- 1996 – 22nd G7 summit, Lyon
- Group of Eight (G8), heads of government
- 1997 – 23rd G8 summit, Denver
- 1998 – 24th G8 summit, Birmingham
- 1999 – 25th G8 summit, Cologne
- 2000 – 26th G8 summit, Okinawa
- 2001 – 27th G8 summit, Genoa
- 2002 – 28th G8 summit, Kananaskis
- 2003 – 29th G8 summit, Évian-les-Bains
- 2004 – 30th G8 summit, Sea Island
- 2005 – 31st G8 summit, Gleneagles
- 2006 – 32nd G8 summit, Saint Petersburg
- 2007 – 33rd G8 summit, Heiligendamm
- 2008 – 34th G8 summit, Tōyako
- 2009 – 35th G8 summit, L'Aquila, Abruzzo
- 2010 – 36th G8 summit, Huntsville
- 2011 – 37th G8 summit, Deauville
- 2012 – 38th G8 summit, Camp David, Maryland
- 2013 – 39th G8 summit, Lough Erne in County Fermanagh
- Group of Seven (G7), heads of government
- 2014 – 40th G7 summit, Brussels
- 2015 – 41st G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria
- 2016 – 42nd G7 summit, Shima, Mie Prefecture
- 2017 – 43rd G7 summit, Taormina, Sicily
- 2018 – 44th G7 summit, La Malbaie, Quebec
- 2019 – 45th G7 summit, Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine
- 2021 – 47th G7 summit, Cornwall, South West England
- 2022 – 48th G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria
- 2023 – 49th G7 summit, Hiroshima
- 2024 – 50th G7 summit, Fasano, Apulia
- Group of Twenty, heads of government
- 2008 G-20 Washington summit
- 2009 G-20 London summit
- 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit
- 2010 G-20 Toronto summit
- 2010 G-20 Seoul summit
- 2011 G-20 Cannes summit
- 2012 G-20 Los Cabos Summit
- 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit
- 2014 G-20 Brisbane summit
- 2015 G-20 Antalya summit
- 2016 G-20 Hangzhou summit
- 2017 G-20 Hamburg summit
- 2018 G-20 Buenos Aires summit
- 2019 G-20 Osaka summit
- 2020 G-20 Riyadh summit
- 2021 G-20 Rome summit
- 2022 G-20 Bali summit
- 2023 G-20 New Delhi summit
- 2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit
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Miscellaneous
edit- 1520 – Field of the Cloth of Gold
- 1955 – Geneva Summit
- 1967 – Glassboro Summit Conference
- 1985 – Shamrock Summit
- 1986 – Reykjavík Summit
- 1989 – Malta Summit
- 1990 – World Summit for Children
- 2001 – Agra summit
- 2001 – Taba summit
- 2000 – 2000 Camp David Summit
- 2003–2005 – World Summit on the Information Society
- 2005 – Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005
- 2015 – Valletta Summit on Migration
- 2017 – 2017 Riyadh summit
- 2018 – 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
- 2019 – 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
- 2023 – 2023 France-China Summit
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2001). Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts. Routledge. ISBN 9780415141253. Archived from the original on 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- ^ "Global Governance Breakthrough: The G20 Summit and the Future Agenda". 2001-11-30. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-27.