Deposit insurance national bank

A deposit insurance national bank (DINB, /ˈdɪnbi/ DIN-bee[1]) is a temporary bank in the United States that is established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in the wake of a bank failure under the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935.[2]

Characteristics

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DINBs are chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Upon creation, the bank assumes the failed bank's insured deposits and temporarily provides banking services to customers.[3] A DINB's powers are narrowly limited to servicing the insured deposits of a failed bank; it cannot acquire assets from the failed bank, as a bridge bank can, nor can it accept uninsured deposits, unless it is the only depository institution in its community.[2][4]

The bank is managed by an executive officer appointed by the FDIC.[3] A DINB is not required to have paid-in capital stock,[5] has no board of directors,[6] and is not required to own stock in a Federal Reserve Bank.[7] Otherwise it conforms to the National Bank Act and other laws relevant to national banks.[8]

A DINB can operate for up to two years.[3] It can be acquired by another bank in its community, raise capital to become a permanent bank, or wind down and transfer its obligations to the FDIC.[2]

History

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Logo of the short-lived Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara.

DINBs were initially the only way that the FDIC could resolve a failed institution. The first DINB was the Deposit Insurance National Bank of East Peoria, created when Fond Du Lac State Bank was closed by Illinois regulators on May 26, 1934.[9][10] Under this original deposit insurance system, the FDIC assumed receivership of nine insured banks and paid off their deposits through DINBs.[11]

After the Banking Act of 1935 permitted the FDIC to pay out depositors without establishing a DINB, use of this resolution method largely ceased, except for cases where a bank failed in an area with only limited banking services or where a prompt pay-out was not possible.[9] For example, 1975 saw failures of Swope Parkway National Bank, a Black-owned business serving the local Black community, and The Peoples Bank of the Virgin Islands, which was the only locally owned institution in the U.S. Virgin Islands; a DINB was created for each in hopes of giving the community time to establish a replacement institution.[1] Only five DINBs were created by the FDIC between 1935 and 1998.[12]

Initially, the FDIC responded to the 2023 collapse of Silicon Valley Bank by forming a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara[13] because no institution was immediately willing to assume its substantial uninsured deposits. After the Treasury granted an exception to cover the uninsured deposits, the DINB was replaced with a bridge bank named Silicon Valley Bridge Bank, N.A.[14][15]

List of deposit insurance national banks

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Deposit insurance national banks under the 1933 Banking Act
Year Failed bank DINB Headquarters
1934 Fond Du Lac State Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of East Peoria[9][10] East Peoria, Illinois
1934 Bank of America Trust Co. Deposit Insurance National Bank of Pittsburgh[11] Pittsburgh
1934 The First National Bank of Lima Deposit Insurance National Bank of Lima[11] Lima, Montana
1934 The Florence Deposit Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Florence[11] Florence, Indiana
1934 Bank of Lewisport Deposit Insurance National Bank of Lewisport[11] Lewisport, Kentucky
1934 Farmers & Traders Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Porterfield[11] Porterfield, Wisconsin
1934 The Pickens County Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Jasper[11] Jasper, Georgia
1934 The State Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Sauk City[11] Sauk City, Wisconsin
1934 Farmers State Bank of Bongards Deposit Insurance National Bank of Bongards[11] Bongards, Minnesota
Deposit insurance national banks under the Banking Act of 1935
Year Failed bank DINB Headquarters
1935 The Commercial National Bank of Bradford Deposit Insurance National Bank of Bradford[16] Bradford, Pennsylvania
1964 First State Bank[17] Deposit Insurance National Bank of Dell City[18] Dell City, Texas[1]
1964 Crown Savings Bank[17] Deposit Insurance National Bank of Newport News[19] Newport News, Virginia
1975 Swope Parkway National Bank[20][17] Deposit Insurance National Bank of Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri[1]
1975 The Peoples Bank of the Virgin Islands[20][17] Deposit Insurance National Bank of the Virgin Islands[21] Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands[1]
1982 Penn Square Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Oklahoma City[22][12] Oklahoma City
2009 New Frontier Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Greeley[23] Greeley, Colorado
2009 Community Bank of Nevada Deposit Insurance National Bank of Las Vegas[24] Las Vegas
2009 Citizens State Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of New Baltimore[25] New Baltimore, Michigan
2010 Barnes Banking Company Deposit Insurance National Bank of Kaysville[26] Kaysville, Utah
2010 Waterfield Bank[27] Waterfield Bank, FA[28][a] Germantown, Maryland
2011 Enterprise Banking Company Deposit Insurance National Bank of McDonough[29] McDonough, Georgia
2011 FirsTier Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Louisville[30] Louisville, Colorado
2012 Bank of the Eastern Shore Deposit Insurance National Bank of Eastern Shore[31] Cambridge, Maryland
2023 Silicon Valley Bank Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara[32][b] Santa Clara, California

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Organized as a federal savings association rather than a national bank
  2. ^ Never operated; assets and liabilities were transferred to a bridge bank.

References

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Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e Strachan, Stanley (November 16, 1975). "Bank Failures Rise to Record Levels". The New York Times. p. 187.
  2. ^ a b c 12 U.S.C. § 1821(m) "New depository institutions"
  3. ^ a b c Resseguie, Donald; Zisman, Barry Stuart (2012) [1991]. "Liquidation and New Banks". Banks and Thrifts: Government Enforcement and Receivership (revised ed.). Matthew Bender & Company. §13.04. ISBN 978-0-820-51923-4 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ 12 U.S.C. § 1821(n) "Bridge depository institutions"
  5. ^ 12 U.S.C. § 1821(m)(3)
  6. ^ 12 U.S.C. § 1821(m)(4)
  7. ^ 12 U.S.C. § 1821(m)(7)
  8. ^ 12 U.S.C. § 1821(m)(5)
  9. ^ a b c BHDI 1998, p. 38.
  10. ^ a b "Reopening of Closed Banks for Business and Lifting of Restrictions". Commercial & Financial Chronicle. Vol. 139, no. 3602. July 7, 1934. pp. 62–64.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for the Year Ending December 31, 1934 (PDF) (Report). Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 1935. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  12. ^ a b History 1998, p. 71.
  13. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara to Protect Insured Depositors of Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  14. ^ "FDIC Acts to Protect All Depositors of the former Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California". www.fdic.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  15. ^ Guida, Victoria; Sutton, Sam (March 16, 2023). "Why there was no SVB deal". Politico. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
  16. ^ Division of Research and Statistics (August 1997). Statistics on Banking: A Statistical History of the United States Banking Industry (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. p. C-2.
  17. ^ a b c d Burgee, Michael B. (Summer 1979). "Purchase and assumption transactions under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act". The Forum. 14 (5). American Bar Association, Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Section: 1154. JSTOR 25761513 – via JSTOR.
  18. ^ "F.D.I.C. Step Is Rare". The New York Times. July 7, 1964. p. 45.
  19. ^ "Virginia Bank Ordered Closed; 'Bad Management' Is Charged". The New York Times. September 5, 1964. p. 23.
  20. ^ a b History 1998, p. 532.
  21. ^ "F.D.I.C. Takes Over Virgin Islands Bank". The New York Times. October 28, 1975. p. 44.
  22. ^ FDIC Report on Receivership of Penn Square Bank, N.A., and Operations of the Deposit Insurance National Bank of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (Report). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. February 7, 1984. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  23. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank to Facilitate the Resolution of New Frontier Bank, Greeley, Colorado" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. April 10, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  24. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank to Facilitate the Resolution of Community Bank of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. August 14, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  25. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank to Facilitate the Resolution of Citizens State Bank, New Baltimore, Michigan" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. December 18, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  26. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Kaysville, Utah to Protect Insured Depositors of Barnes Banking Company, Kaysville, Utah" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. January 15, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  27. ^ "Bank Failures & Assistance Data". BankFind Suite. Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  28. ^ "Failed Bank Information - Question and Answer Guide for Waterfield Bank, Germantown, MD". FDIC. March 5, 2010. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  29. ^ "FDIC Creates the Deposit Insurance National Bank of McDonough to Protect Insured Depositors of Enterprise Banking Company, McDonough, Georgia" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. January 21, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  30. ^ "FDIC Creates the Deposit Insurance National Bank of Louisville to Protect Insured Depositors of FirsTier Bank, Louisville, Colorado" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. January 28, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  31. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Eastern Shore to Protect Insured Depositors of Bank of the Eastern Shore, Cambridge, Maryland" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. April 27, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  32. ^ "FDIC Creates a Deposit Insurance National Bank of Santa Clara to Protect Insured Depositors of Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California" (Press release). Washington, D.C.: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. March 10, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
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