In applied mathematics and astrodynamics, in the theory of dynamical systems, a crisis is the sudden appearance or disappearance of a strange attractor as the parameters of a dynamical system are varied.[1][2] This global bifurcation occurs when a chaotic attractor comes into contact with an unstable periodic orbit or its stable manifold.[3] As the orbit approaches the unstable orbit it will diverge away from the previous attractor, leading to a qualitatively different behaviour. Crises can produce intermittent behaviour.
Grebogi, Ott, Romeiras, and Yorke distinguished between three types of crises:[4]
- The first type, a boundary or an exterior crisis, the attractor is suddenly destroyed as the parameters are varied. In the postbifurcation state the motion is transiently chaotic, moving chaotically along the former attractor before being attracted to a fixed point, periodic orbit, quasiperiodic orbit, another strange attractor, or diverging to infinity.
- In the second type of crisis, an interior crisis, the size of the chaotic attractor suddenly increases. The attractor encounters an unstable fixed point or periodic solution that is inside the basin of attraction.
- In the third type, an attractor merging crisis, two or more chaotic attractors merge to form a single attractor as the critical parameter value is passed.
Note that the reverse case (sudden appearance, shrinking or splitting of attractors) can also occur. The latter two crises are sometimes called explosive bifurcations.[5]
While crises are "sudden" as a parameter is varied, the dynamics of the system over time can show long transients before orbits leave the neighbourhood of the old attractor. Typically there is a time constant τ for the length of the transient that diverges as a power law (τ ≈ |p − pc|γ) near the critical parameter value pc. The exponent γ is called the critical crisis exponent.[6] There also exist systems where the divergence is stronger than a power law, so-called super-persistent chaotic transients.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Grebogi, Celso; Ott, Edward; Yorke, James A. (1983). "Crises, sudden changes in chaotic attractors, and transient chaos". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 7 (1–3). Elsevier BV: 181–200. Bibcode:1983PhyD....7..181G. doi:10.1016/0167-2789(83)90126-4. ISSN 0167-2789.
- ^ Nayfeh, Ali H.; Balachandran, Balakumar (1995-03-29). Applied Nonlinear Dynamics: Analytical, Computational, and Experimental Methods. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527617548. ISBN 978-0-471-59348-5.
- ^ Arnol’d, V.I., Afraimovich, V.S., Ilyashenko, Yu.S. & Shilnikov, L.P. 1993. Bifurcation theory and catastrophe theory. In Dynamical Systems, vol. 5, Berlin and New York: Springer
- ^ GREBOGI, C.; OTT, E.; YORKE, J. A. (1987-10-30). "Chaos, Strange Attractors, and Fractal Basin Boundaries in Nonlinear Dynamics". Science. 238 (4827). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 632–638. Bibcode:1987Sci...238..632G. doi:10.1126/science.238.4827.632. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17816542. S2CID 1586349.
- ^ Thompson, J. M. T.; Stewart, H. B.; Ueda, Y. (1994-02-01). "Safe, explosive, and dangerous bifurcations in dissipative dynamical systems". Physical Review E. 49 (2). American Physical Society (APS): 1019–1027. Bibcode:1994PhRvE..49.1019T. doi:10.1103/physreve.49.1019. ISSN 1063-651X. PMID 9961309.
- ^ Grebogi, Celso; Ott, Edward; Romeiras, Filipe; Yorke, James A. (1987-12-01). "Critical exponents for crisis-induced intermittency". Physical Review A. 36 (11). American Physical Society (APS): 5365–5380. Bibcode:1987PhRvA..36.5365G. doi:10.1103/physreva.36.5365. ISSN 0556-2791. PMID 9898807.
- ^ Grebogi, Celso; Ott, Edward; Yorke, James A. (1985). "Super persistent chaotic transients". Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems. 5 (3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 341–372. doi:10.1017/s014338570000300x. ISSN 0143-3857.