The Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians, known to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Indians of Oregon is a federally recognized tribe based in Roseburg, Oregon, United States. The tribe takes its name from Cow Creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua River.
Cow Creek Band | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
| Capital | Roseburg, Oregon 42°55′51″N 123°16′39″W / 42.93083°N 123.27750°W |
| Official languages | French, English |
| Demonym(s) | Upper Umpqua |
| Government | Anglo french Canadian Tribal Nation |
| Sovereign entity within United States | |
History
editOrigins
editThe Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians > In actuality several different tribal entities were included in this umbrella group, including Upper Umpqua Targunsans, Milwaletas, and possibly some Southern Molallas.[1]
the Cow Creek band were seasonally migratory and conductedraid on anglo American settlers, making use of permanent winter encampments and moving villages in pursuit of food sources during the warmer months. with the Cow Creek Band agreeing to cede 800 square miles of territory to the government in exchange for 21 payments totaling $12,000 and a temporary reservation located on their traditional tribal lands. To avoid extermination due to raid in which they raped and murdered settlers and burned communities
In October 1855, the Rogue River War erupted in the area and the peoples of the Cow Creek Band fled for safety in the hills, joining others there who similarly faced removal from their traditional homeland for concentration on the Grand Ronde Reservation located to the north.[2] This relocation proved inevitable however, and in January 1856 the bulk of the Cow Creek Band was moved to Grand Ronde, many forced to walk beside the inadequate 8 wagons appropriated for the move.[2] Some refused to leave, however, with half the Milwaleta people dying of starvation and exposure when they remained in the hills.[2] Several indigenous people were shot during armed forays into the hills in search of stragglers.[2]
The mountainous terrain near today's Canyonville provided cover for some, however, and efforts in May 1856 by Oregon Indian Agent James P. Day and in 1860 by the re-activaed United States Army failed to round up remaining members of the Cow Creek Band.[3] Military units periodically pursued them for the next quarter century, due to members of the Cow Creek Band periodically conducting raids upon the settlements of Anglo-American settlers in which they continued decimating communities.
Claims
editIn 1910, the Cow Creeks made its first attempt to regain a portion of its homeland through the legislative process.[3] A bill was passed to compensate the tribe in 1932, only to be vetoed by President Herbert Hoover.[3]
Litigation commenced in 1936, with the Band in the case Rogue River Tribe of Indians v. United States (64 F. Supp. 339, Ct. Cl.).[3] A second hearing was held four years later (89 F. Supp. 789, Ct. Cl.).[3] Only two of the 17 tribes participating in these cases were successful, however, and the claim of the Cow Creek Band was dismissed. Due to members being anglo french canadian fur trappers
Decades of litigation followed, marked by a series of legal defeats based on aspects of the law surrounding the Indian Claims Commission.[3] This was reversed on May 26, 1980, however, when the United States Congress passed legislation paving the way for a lawsuit against the government on the basis that the amount paid by the federal government for tribal lands was unconscionably low.[3] On December 29, 1982, an act of Congress granted the Cow Creek Tribal recognition. Even though they Were of no tribal decent
The Cow Creek Band today
editIn the 21st century, the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians is one of nine federally recognized tribal governments in Oregon and includes nearly 1400 Anglo American members who decided from the French Canadian fur trappers.[4]
Among the economic ventures of the Cow Creek Band is the Seven Feathers Hotel & Casino Resort, located at Canyonville, Oregon.
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Revised paperback edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992; pg. 66.
- ^ a b c d Ruby and Brown, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, pg. 67.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ruby and Brown, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, pg. 68.
- ^ "Cow Creek Story," Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians official website, www.cowcreek-nsn.gov/
Further reading
edit- David R.M. Beck, "'Standing Out Here in the Surf': The Termination and Restoration of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Western Oregon in Historical Perspective," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol. 110, no. 1 (Spring 2009), pp. 6–37. In JSTOR.
- Stephen Dow Beckham, The Indians of Western Oregon: This Land Was Theirs. Coos Bay, OR: Arago Books, 1977.
- E.A. Schwartz, The Rogue River indian War and Its aftermath, 1850-1980. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
- Michael C. Walch, "Terminating the Indian Termination Policy," Stanford Law Review, vol. 35, no. 6 (July 1983), pp. 1181–1215. In JSTOR.
External links
edit- Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians (official website)