In measure and probability theory in mathematics, a convex measure is a probability measure that — loosely put — does not assign more mass to any intermediate set "between" two measurable sets A and B than it does to A or B individually. There are multiple ways in which the comparison between the probabilities of A and B and the intermediate set can be made, leading to multiple definitions of convexity, such as log-concavity, harmonic convexity, and so on. The mathematician Christer Borell was a pioneer of the detailed study of convex measures on locally convex spaces in the 1970s.[1][2]

General definition and special cases

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Let X be a locally convex Hausdorff vector space, and consider a probability measure μ on the Borel σ-algebra of X. Fix −∞ ≤ s ≤ 0, and define, for u, v ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1,

 

For subsets A and B of X, we write

 

for their Minkowski sum. With this notation, the measure μ is said to be s-convex[1] if, for all Borel-measurable subsets A and B of X and all 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1,

 

The special case s = 0 is the inequality

 

i.e.

 

Thus, a measure being 0-convex is the same thing as it being a logarithmically concave measure.

Properties

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The classes of s-convex measures form a nested increasing family as s decreases to −∞"

 

or, equivalently

 

Thus, the collection of −∞-convex measures is the largest such class, whereas the 0-convex measures (the logarithmically concave measures) are the smallest class.

The convexity of a measure μ on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn in the sense above is closely related to the convexity of its probability density function.[2] Indeed, μ is s-convex if and only if there is an absolutely continuous measure ν with probability density function ρ on some Rk so that μ is the push-forward on ν under a linear or affine map and   is a convex function, where

 

Convex measures also satisfy a zero-one law: if G is a measurable additive subgroup of the vector space X (i.e. a measurable linear subspace), then the inner measure of G under μ,

 

must be 0 or 1. (In the case that μ is a Radon measure, and hence inner regular, the measure μ and its inner measure coincide, so the μ-measure of G is then 0 or 1.)[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Borell, Christer (1974). "Convex measures on locally convex spaces". Ark. Mat. 12 (1–2): 239–252. doi:10.1007/BF02384761. ISSN 0004-2080.
  2. ^ a b Borell, Christer (1975). "Convex set functions in d-space". Period. Math. Hungar. 6 (2): 111–136. doi:10.1007/BF02018814. ISSN 0031-5303.