Chinese privilege is the societal privilege that benefits Chinese people over other races in Singapore.[1][better source needed] Sangeetha Thanapal, who is credited with coining the term by analogy to white privilege,[2] defines Chinese privilege by stating that "by virtue of being Chinese in Singapore, you start life at a higher place compared to minorities."[3]
Under the Singapore government's "Chinese-Malay-Indian-Other" (CMIO) model of race, those classified as Chinese form a numerical majority. In New Mandala, Hydar Saharudin argues that Chinese privilege manifests in government policies including the Ethnic Integration Policy used to allocate government housing and the Group Representation Constituency system used to ensure racial balance and, by extension, "operationally guarantee Chinese political dominance".[4] Humairah Zainal argues that the People's Action Party's "race-based approach to politics inadvertently perpetuates Chinese privilege".[5]
The extent and existence of Chinese privilege is controversial, since it challenges the government's line that Singapore is a meritocracy and to Chinese Singaporeans themselves "these 'privileges' remain mostly invisible".[6] Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in his National Day Rally in 2021 stated that "it is entirely baseless to claim that there is ‘Chinese privilege’ in Singapore", since Singapore treats "all races equally, with no special privileges",[7] and Sangeetha was issued a stern warning by police for alleging that Singapore is a "Chinese supremacist state" on her Facebook page.[8]
In 2023, rapper Subhas Nair was found guilty of four counts of “promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of race and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony” under section 298A(a) of the Penal Code 1871 for various Instagram posts that Subhas himself described as "calling out racism and Chinese privilege".[9] At his sentencing, the judge stated that "sowing racial and or religious discontent by alleging that law enforcement in Singapore discriminates based on race or religious grounds is just as serious as the casting of racial slurs."[10]
References
edit- ^ "READ: An in-depth look into the history of 'Chinese privilege' and how it became entrenched in Singapore - Coconuts". coconuts.co. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ boundary2 (4 March 2015). "Chinese Privilege, Gender and Intersectionality in Singapore: A Conversation between Adeline Koh and Sangeetha Thanapal". boundary 2. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "What Privilege Looks Like in Singapore". www.vice.com. 7 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Confronting 'Chinese privilege' in Singapore". 1 November 2016.
- ^ Zainal, Humairah; Abdullah, Walid Jumblatt (3 July 2021). "Chinese privilege in politics: a case study of Singapore's ruling elites". Asian Ethnicity. 22 (3): 481–497. doi:10.1080/14631369.2019.1706153. ISSN 1463-1369. S2CID 213393873. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
- ^ CHRISTOPHER, CHEE SHEN CHUN (16 April 2018). Chinese Privilege in Singapore: Understanding the Invisible Knapsack (Thesis thesis). Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
- ^ "NDR 2021: PM Lee says 'entirely baseless' to claim that 'Chinese privilege' exists in Singapore". CNA. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Yang, Calvin (29 January 2019). "Activist Sangeetha Thanapal issued stern warning for Facebook post that promotes ill will between races". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Rapper Subhas Nair found guilty of attempting to promote ill will between races and religions". Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "The Trial of Subhas Nair: Race, Class, and Ideology in Singapore". 29 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2023.