The Danxia landform (Chinese: 丹霞地貌; pinyin: dānxiá dìmào) refers to various landscapes found in southeast, southwest and northwest China that "consist of a red bed characterized by steep cliffs".[1] It is a unique type of petrographic geomorphology found in China. Danxia landform is formed from red-coloured sandstones and conglomerates of largely Cretaceous age. The landforms look very much like karst topography that forms in areas underlain by limestones, but since the rocks that form danxia are sandstones and conglomerates, they have been called "pseudo-karst" landforms. They were formed by endogenous forces (including uplift) and exogenous forces (including weathering and erosion).[2]
The first studies on what are now referred to as Danxia landforms were conducted at Mount Danxia near Shaoguan, China. In the 1920s and 1930s Chinese geologists made an effort to learn more about these interesting geomorphic structures.[3] Danxia landforms are made up of uplifted continental crust that has been faulted and eroded, exposing large scarps of layered rock, red in color.[4]
Danxia landforms cover several provinces in southeast China. Taining County, Fujian Province, has very good examples of "young" danxia landforms wherein deep, narrow valleys have been formed. As the landform gets older, valleys widen and one gets isolated towers and ridges. The danxia landform is named after Mount Danxia, one of the most famous examples of the danxia landform. A very peculiar feature of danxia landscape is the development of numerous caves of various sizes and shapes. The caves tend to be shallow and isolated, unlike true karst terrain where caves tend to form deep, interconnecting networks. In 2010, several danxia landscapes in southern China, with a general name of "China Danxia", were inscribed as a World Heritage Site.[5] The six inscribed danxia landform areas are: Mount Langshan and Mount Wanfo (Hunan Province), Mount Danxia (Guangdong Province), Taining and Mount Guanzhi (Fujian Province), Mount Longhu and Guifeng (Jiangxi Province), Fangyan, Mount Jianglang (Zhejiang Province), and Mount Chishui (Guizhou Province). The total core area of 6 regions above is 73,945 hectares (182,720 acres), and the total buffer area is 65,446 hectares (161,720 acres).[1] Other notable danxia areas, such as Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, are not included in the World Heritage Site.
Geology
editAround 80 million years ago (Ma) cretaceous red sandstone and conglomerate was laid down by sedimentation from the lakes and streams.[6] After another 15 million years, tectonic plate movements created many faults.[6] About 23 Ma, movement of the Himalayan range disturbed the land around the Danxia landform in the Guangdong Province of China uplifting and completely changing the topography of the area.[6] Over millions of years the steep cliffs that can be seen today, exposed by faults, were formed through weathering and erosion. This geology can be seen at Danxiashan Geopark in China, where there is about 290 square kilometers of streams, forest and towering Danxian rock formations.[6]
Origin of name
editIn 1928, the Mineral scientist Feng Jinglan Noticed the widespread distribution of the red oxidation layer. Feng Jinglan realized that this is a brand new landform and haven't been named.[citation needed] He decided to name it as DanXia, which come from the word in the ancient Chinese poem of CaoPi " Hibiscus Pool Poetry". The name "Dan Xia" refers to "丹（vermilion）霞（sunglow）" in Chinese.[7]
Studies
editIn an effort to learn more about danxia topography, a study on the geomorphology of an area in China was conducted. Mount Danxia was the focus of the research, taking Digital Elevation Matrix (DEM) based data from many watersheds and basins in the area.[4] Understanding the hydrology of the area can tell a lot about the nearby formations. For example, "localized erosion has enhanced deepening of existing fractures rather than lateral erosion to form deep and narrow valleys, while long-term erosion provided large and gentle watersheds."[4] This study used ArcGIS. These scientists took maps of the area and overlaid certain features they wanted to measure, such as stream length and size.
China Danxia
edit| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
| Official name | China Danxia |
| Location | China |
| Criteria | Natural: (vii), (viii) |
| Reference | 1335 |
| Inscription | 2010 (34th Session) |
| Area | 82,151 ha (203,000 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 218,357 ha (539,570 acres) |
| Website | www |
| Coordinates | 28°25′19″N 106°2′33″E / 28.42194°N 106.04250°E |
.svg)  Location of Danxia landform in Earth | |
China Danxia, or Danxia landform of China, is a subset of the Danxia landforms which, in August 2010, entered the World Heritage List.[8][9][10]
| Serial ID Number | Name & Location | Coordinates | Area | Photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1335-001 | Chishui - West Section | 28°22′11″N 105°47′39″E / 28.36972°N 105.79417°E | Property: 10142 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-002 | Chishui - East Section | 28°25′19″N 106°02′33″E / 28.42194°N 106.04250°E | Property: 17222 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-003 | Taining - North Section | 27°00′37″N 117°13′07″E / 27.01028°N 117.21861°E | Property: 5277 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-004 | Taining -South Section | 26°51′56″N 117°02′22″E / 26.86556°N 117.03944°E | Property: 5810 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-005 | Langshan | 26°20′24″N 110°46′45″E / 26.34000°N 110.77917°E | Property: 6600 Ha Buffer zone: 6200 Ha |
|
| 1335-006 | Danxiashan | 24°57′55″N 113°42′12″E / 24.96528°N 113.70333°E | Property: 16800 Ha Buffer zone: 12400 Ha |
.jpg)
|
| 1335-007 | Longhushan: Longhushan Section | 28°04′15″N 116°59′05″E / 28.07083°N 116.98472°E | Property: 16950 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-008 | Longhushan: Guifeng Section | 28°19′03″N 117°25′10″E / 28.31750°N 117.41944°E | Property: 2740 Ha Buffer zone: Ha |
|
| 1335-009 | Jianglangshan | 28°31′47″N 118°33′55″E / 28.52972°N 118.56528°E | Property: 610 Ha Buffer zone: 571 Ha |
|
Gallery
edit-
view of rock from riverbank -
view of rock from courtyard -
view of gallery set in rock -
view of staircase -
view of landscape from rock
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Danxia Landform of China". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "China Danxia". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
- ^ "Danxia Geomorphology" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Hayakawa, Wen, Yuichi. "DEM and GIS based Morphometric and Topographic Profile Analyses of Danxia Landforms" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "China danxia landform proclaimed world heritage". Archived from the original on August 4, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Danxiashan Geopark". Retrieved 2013-10-10.
- ^ "什么叫丹霞地貌，丹霞地貌的成因是什么". tianqi.eastday.com.
- ^ "China's unique red rock landform included on World Heritage List - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn.
- ^ "China's Shaolin Temple, Danxia Landform Added To World Heritage Sites".
- ^ China Danxia. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
External links
edit
Media related to Danxia landform at Wikimedia Commons- Danxia formations
- "Colourful rock formations in the Zhangye Danxia Landform Geological Park" (collection of photos)
- Official website of China Danxia
