Wikipedia

Children's BBC presentation

This article is about the history of the presentation of BBC Children's services on BBC One and BBC Two. For the current BBC Children's TV channels, see CBBC. For its sister channel for younger children, see CBeebies.

Children's BBC Presentation was the BBC's presentation of its programmes for children and which was the only part of BBC One and BBC Two's television presentation where the continuity announcer appeared on the TV screen rather than as a voice over.

The services for children on BBC One and BBC Two (apart from on BBC Two on Saturday mornings) have now ended but similar presentation now takes place on the CBeebies and CBBC channels.

History edit

In-vision presentation is as old as the first children's programme on the BBC which began on Saturday 24 April 1937. For the Children would go on to be most famously presented live by Annette Mills with her sidekick Muffin the Mule.[1] These early shows were live performances but as the television service became more sophisticated, with the development of pre-recorded programmes and series, children's programmes went on to be introduced by the offscreen continuity announcer announcing the next programme from a small continuity booth with the usual BBC1 or BBC2 branding appearing on screen although some special branding was put in use to reflect better the audience they were serving.[2]

In 1984, a BBC Micro B 3D Collage was introduced to generate computer generated stings for the children's strand. Such animations were used to introduce programmes, such as a spider spinning down onto a detonator triggering the words Hello from BBC1, and to link into promotions for further programmes, such as a group of sky divers falling from a plane to spell out a 'Later' caption. However, despite the graphics, programmes were still directly introduced by the BBC1 globe symbol, albeit occasionally accompanied by a choice of two different 14-note synthesized tunes.[3]

In September 1985 a BBC press release announced the arrival of, "a new package of programmes specially gift-wrapped for children."[4] This involved the afternoon programmes on BBC1 being rebranded as Children's BBC, along with the continuity announcer appearing on screen (in-vision). Rather than use the existing BBC1 announcer, a new presenter was selected. The launch presenter was Phillip Schofield, presenting the slot for the first time at 15:55 BST on 9 September 1985.[5]

It was not until 1994 that presentation for children's programming got its own studio space.

In 2002, when BBC Children's divided its services into CBBC and CBeebies, programmes for younger children were rebranded under the name CBeebies and the same production department began CBeebies Presentation.

Studios edit

1985 - 1994

From its launch in 1985 until 1994, Children's BBC was presented from the regular continuity announcer's booth in the BBC1 network control area (NC1), which had a fixed camera so that the presenter could appear in vision; as it remained an operational continuity booth, the presenter would partly direct their own links by way of vision and sound mixers built into the studio desk.[5]

The NC1 booth became known as 'the Broom Cupboard' due to its small size (the term was first used to refer to a smaller temporary booth, but was later retroactively applied to the main booth). The plain booth wall behind the presenter would be livened up with elements of set dressing, VT monitors and pictures sent in by viewers.[6]

Occasionally, when Children's BBC was going out on BBC2 rather than BBC1 due to events coverage, the presenter would be located in the BBC2 continuity booth, which was not set dressed for Children's BBC, for transmission purposes.

There were two presentation studios – larger than the Broom Cupboards but smaller than full programme studios – known as Pres A and Pres B. It was not initially thought economically viable to use these for daily Children's BBC links, hence the use of the Broom Cupboard. However, by 1987 these studios were being used for the mid-morning 'birthday card' slots and weekend and holiday morning strands such as But First This. The main afternoon strand remained in the Broom Cupboard.[7]

Initially, Children's BBC Scotland did not have a presentation studio upon launch in 1992 - instead it was presented upon various locations across Scotland for the school summer holiday programming block The Ice Cream Van at the beginning, presentation studios were eventually used for the regional breakfast and mid-morning shows when BBC Scotland opened their kids department around the mid-1990s before finally reverting to the roof top of BBC Scotland's Queen Margaret Drive headquarters for another summer holiday children's programme Up For It in the late 1990s.

In 1994, Pres A was refurbished and became the regular home for all Children's BBC presentation including the weekday afternoon block; the presenters no longer had to operate the broadcast equipment, although a broom cupboard-style area in the corner of Pres A containing its own mixer was used for the birthday slot and weekend mornings to save on crew, and the larger set allowed for more dynamic presentation, with more presenters, characters, features, games and guests. A new 3D version of the then logo of Children's BBC was commissioned to mark the move.[8]

1997 TC9

In 1997, Children's BBC moved again when 'Pres A' was decommissioned and CBBC moved to the purpose-built Studio TC9, adjacent to the Blue Peter garden at BBC Television Centre. The first broadcasts from Studio 9 were in June 1997[8] and this was followed in October by the launch of the new-look CBBC branding.[9] TC9 continued to be the regular home of CBBC broadcasts on BBC One and Two until 2005 and was also used to record CBBC on Choice links between 2000 and 2002.

In 2002, TC2 became the home of CBBC Channel links, plus the channel's XChange and UK Top 40 programmes, whilst CBeebies operated from the smaller TC0.

In Autumn 2004, the studio arrangements for CBBC were changed again. The CBBC Channel moved from TC2 to TC9, with BBC One / Two links and the UK Top 40 show moving to TC1, located on the sixth floor of TV Centre. BBC One and Two links then moved back into TC9 alongside CBBC Channel in March 2006 as the number of studios available to CBBC was reduced.

In December 2006, there was a further reduction in CBBC facilities. A chroma key set was assembled in TC12, becoming the home of all CBBC links on BBC One, BBC Two and CBBC Channel until September 2007. There was also a reduction in the team of on air presenters. The last live CBBC links from TC9 were broadcast on Friday 1 December 2006; the studio was then mothballed but was later brought back into use for individual programmes including TMi and SMart.

2007 TC12

On 3 September 2007, the CSO studio was dropped in a relaunch which saw a small studio set built in TC12.[10] As part of the relaunch, new logos, presenters and idents were introduced. The design of the new 'office' set has been compared to the original 'broom cupboard', though unlike the 'broom cupboard' the 'office' is not a functioning continuity suite.

2011 HQ5

CBBC presentation originated from Studio HQ5 at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford Quays for the first time on Monday 5 September 2011 as part of the relocation of the BBC's Children's department (incorporating both CBBC and CBeebies).

In 2015, the CBBC Office set received a new futuristic look, with much darker colours and tones, the light and dark greens colours replaced with purple and dark grey. Also, a new 'up next' screen was placed behind the presenter, and a post chute was installed in the new set where viewers send post to get read out live on air. There was also a new desk, larger than the previous one with multi-coloured blocks on its front.

In 2016, the CBBC Office became the CBBC HQ, incorporating a mostly orange and blue colour scheme, but later it changed to cyan and blue in 2023.

Nations Opt-Out edit

The Scottish school holiday opt-outs started off on BBC Scotland way back in the mid-1970s - where the summer holiday children's schedule (seen across the BBC network for the final three weeks between mid-late August) would be time-shifted to air throughout the first three weeks of the holidays between late June and mid July to only viewers in Scotland due to school holiday differences across the UK, Those opt outs were initially aired on BBC One Scotland from the beginning in June 1974 until October 1996, whilst BBC Two Scotland picked up Scottish school holiday opt-out programming for the first time in October 1994 and continuing in this medium for a further six years, ending altogether in July 2000.

In summer 1974, BBC One Scotland started up their summer holiday opt out schedules for the very first time on Monday 24 June 1974[11] where the majority of children's programmes transmitted in the mid-morning slot (at various times between 9am - 11am) were introduced out-of-vision by the Scottish continuity announcer behind the BBC 1 Scotland globe idents back then, the yearly opt-outs continued in this medium for a further eleven years before finally ending on Friday 19 July 1985[12] by which point the BBC were planning to revamp their children's output by launching a newly branded children's block due to launch on the network the following September, known as Children's BBC which would be broadcast live from the Broom Cupboard at Television centre in London starting from 9 September 1985, Despite the national Children's BBC being aired on BBC One and BBC Two across the UK since the very beginning, BBC Scotland would go one to produce and air their regional version of CBBC in the Scottish school holidays (in the first week of July and second week of October) whilst no such regional versions of CBBC were aired in Wales and Northern Ireland areas, only the network version has been aired in the forementioned regions to date.

Meanwhile, BBC Scotland launched their new weekday children's programme for the Scottish school summer holidays in the mid-1980s, the new show was billed as C.T.V.1, presented by Ross King and Rhoda McLeod that aired in the mid-morning slot on BBC One Scotland between 9:20am and 10:20am for three weeks between 7 and 25 July 1986, displacing Pages from Ceefax that was seen elsewhere around the UK at the time.,[13] this was followed by a few years of mostly Dòtaman repeats airing prior to the national Children's BBC throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, with another children's series called The McMeanies airing directly after the 10am national and regional news throughout the first week of July 1989 (3 - 7 July at 10am - 10.25am)[14]

In 1991, BBC Scotland started up another live children's magazine programme called Breakout that was initially aired as a couple of one-off shows in the February half-term break (18 February) and Easter holidays (29 March) between 9.05am - 10am on BBC One Scotland then finally aired a week-long series over the summer holidays of 1991 (1 - 5 July), airing at 11.05am - 11.55am on BBC One Scotland, the show was presented by Ashley Jensen and Bill Petrie.[15][16][17]

In June 1992, BBC Scotland finally launched their regional version of Children's BBC with a brand new school Summer holiday programming block called The Ice Cream Van presented by a team of three lively and enthusiastic hosts consisting of Dotaman's John Urquhart, Di Christie and Steve McKenna who alternated with each other every three days by taking a trip to various locations around Scotland in the show's Ice Cream Van to introduce a sparkling line-up of TV entertainment for Scottish youngsters to brighten up their break from school, including eight episodes of Harry and the Hendersons that were yet to be screened in Scotland at the time, Other shows in the Scottish summer holiday slot included Go 4 X with Sally Gray and Grant Stott, Class Tracks (29th June and 10th July only), By the Way with Di Christie and Steve McKenna and the popular network favourites Playdays and Bananaman airing after the 10am national and regional news, The Ice Cream Van was aired live in the mid-morning slot on BBC One Scotland at 9:05am–10:35am for a fortnightly period between 29 June until 10 July, the only year Children's BBC Scotland was run for the first two weeks in July respectively.[18][19][20][17][21][22]

Children's BBC Scotland returned the following summer of 1993 on BBC One Scotland, now presented by Grant Stott and Di Christie in the same mid-morning slot (9.05am - 10.35am) for the first week of the Summer holidays between 5 and 9 July and again in the second week of the October half-term holidays (18 - 22 October) - starting at 9.05am with new episodes of Go 4 X in the first week of July featuring an overhauled presentation team of Lewis MacLeod, Craig McMurdo, Esther McVey and Surinder Sangray taking on hosting duties with each other in a programme full of mystery fun and adventure, airing at the same timeslot of 9.05am over the October break was a short-lived series called GO TV featuring pop interviews, breakfast recipes, and a DIY slot forming part of early morning madness and fun with the Breakfast Crew, also airing for the first time this year was a brand new teen magazine programme called MegaMag (with former CBBC Scotland presenter Steve McKenna and Mairi McHaffie) airing its first series across the holidays at 9:30am followed by pre-school favourites Playdays and Bump airing directly after the 10am news, this was the last year that the mid-morning slot was presented in-vision throughout the October holidays to date.[23][24][17][25]

Grant Stott presented solo the following summer of 1994, where Scottish CBBC was aired in the same timeslot (9.05am - 10.35am) on BBC One Scotland between 4–8 July, featuring 1960s cartoon fun with The Flintstones at 9.05am, followed by series two of Megamag with Mairi and Steve at 9.30am then pre-school programmes Playdays, Poddington Peas (4 July only) and Rupert airing after the 10am news throughout the second half-hour between 10.05am - 10.35am, By which time the Flintstones was aired nationwide after CBBC on the network at 10.35am, except for viewers in Scotland who saw the 1993 series of Hot Chefs airing directly after Scottish CBBC at the aforementioned time.[26][17][27]

Grant returned to host a series of week-long breakfast shows airing live on BBC Two Scotland in the second week of the October half-term holidays of 1994 to link episodes of Buzzy Bee and Friends, Poddington Peas, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles along with repeats of various afternoon CBBC shows including long-running shows Blue Peter, Record Breakers along with the recently-launched Fan TC and SMart airing between 7.00am - 8.00am respectively (17 - 21 October), where for the next few years, the regional breakfast show in Scotland went out at the same time as the national version broadcast from London to the rest of the UK - The October holiday mid-morning slot on BBC One Scotland was presented out-of-vision by the continuity announcers with more episodes of Flintstones and Megamag airing between 9.05am - 10.00am throughout the same week.

In July 1995, Children's BBC Scotland returned to BBC One Scotland as Gail Porter joined Grant Stott to co-host the week-long mid-morning slot in the first week of the Scottish school holidays featuring the same line-up as the previous year - Flintstones, Megamag Series 3 and Playdays airing between 9.05am - 10.35am, with the 10am news inbetween Megamag and Playdays, this would be the last year of Scottish CBBC school holidays mid-morning slot being presented in-vision to viewers around the region, this was also Mairi McHaffie and Steve McKenna's last year presenting Megamag together as Grant Stott took over as main presenter mid-way through the third series in October.

The CBBC Scotland breakfast show with Grant and Gail returned to BBC Two Scotland for another week-long stint in the October half-term holidays with episodes of Lassie, Pirates of Dark Water and repeats of Blue Peter, Fan TC and SMart airing between 7.15am until around 8.35am (16 - 20 October), followed by the mid-morning slot being presented out-of-vision by the continuity announcers again with mostly the Flintstones, (except the 17th of October being Barney Bear) and Megamag (now presented by Grant Stott) between 9.05am - 10.00am on BBC One Scotland across the same week.[17]

Grant Stott and Gail Porter returned to present breakfast shows on BBC Two Scotland throughout the opening weeks of the Scottish school Summer holidays in early-mid July 1996, with the Smurfs' Adventures, repeats of Activ8, The Really Wild Show and To Me, To You alongside pre-school favourites Mr Benn, Secret Life of Toys and Johnson and Friends airing between 7:30am–8:35am as the regional presenters were on an alternating period with the network breakfast show from London (mostly seen in Scotland like the rest of the UK) where for the first couple of weeks BBC Scotland opt out of the national version for only three days a week and aired their regional version on Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings beginning 1 July until 12 July (The network breakfast show was aired Tuesday and Thursday morning in Scotland) over the summer.

Then the regional show returned with Grant and Gail for a further week at the same timeslot (7.30am - 8.35am) for five days between 14 and 18 October, the line-up featured Alvin and the Chipmunks, repeats of Blue Peter, Growing Up Wild, and SMart followed by pre-school favourites Tales of Aesop, Fireman Sam, Christopher Crocodile, Monty the Dog, Noddy, The Greedysaurus Gang and Spider across the week, This was the last year that Children's BBC Scotland aired their weekday morning breakfast show as a opt out from the network.

Additionally, The mid-morning slot on BBC One Scotland was aired out-of-vision with the continuity announcers linking into episodes of Bananaman and Series 4 of Megamag three times a week - Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings at 9.35am - 10.10am surrounded by pre and post-programming fillers They Who Dare and Animal Hospital Heroes airing before and after the block throughout the summer of 1996, the mid-morning slot returned for a further five days on Monday - Friday at 9.20am - 10.05am throughout the October half-term holidays of 1996, featuring more episodes of Bananaman, Megamag and Funnybones being linked by the continuity announcers again, this was to be the last time Children's BBC Scotland holiday morning opt-outs were also aired on BBC One Scotland for the foreseeable future, with the Scottish CBBC breakfast show hosts Grant and Gail now hosting the final series of Megamag throughout this short-term period, as former presenters Mairi McHaffie and Steve McKenna had gone onto pastures new by this time.[28][17][29][30]

In summer 1997, BBC Scotland opt out of the network schedule to air episodes of Harry and the Hendersons during Saturday Aardvark initially in a later time slot of 8:35am on Saturday mornings on BBC One Scotland for only four weeks between 24 May and ending on 14 June, Pages from Ceefax is aired in the 7am slot in Scotland whilst episodes of The Flintstones were aired at 8.35am elsewhere in the UK throughout this short-term period, marking the first time ever BBC Scotland used Ceefax as an opt-out filler programme.[17]

Two weeks later, Children's BBC Scotland underwent a revamp as they dropped their in-vision weekday morning breakfast show and mid-morning opt-outs (that been ongoing for the majority of the 1990s) and was now being presented out of vision with the continuity announcers linking into the programmes as BBC Scotland launched a brand new Summer holiday children's programme called Up For It! airing directly after the national CBBC breakfast show on BBC Two Scotland between 8:35am and 9:30am for the first three weeks of the Scottish school holidays between 29 June until 18 July, Up For It! was linked out-of-vision by the Glasgow continuity announcer throughout this short-term period, the brand new show is presented by Gail Porter and featured episodes of the Smurfs' Adventures that aired to Scottish viewers a month earlier compared to the rest of the UK, For the first time, no Children's BBC Scotland opt outs were screened on BBC One Scotland in the Scottish school holidays, since they moved to BBC Two Scotland for the remainder of the late 1990s.[31]

Throughout August, BBC Scotland opt out of the network schedule for the second time to air episodes of Harry and the Hendersons during Children's BBC H.O.T on BBC Two Scotland at 10.00am - 10.25am instead of airing the Smurfs' Adventures for the last three weeks of the month, beginning on 11 August and ending on 29 August, Pages from Ceefax opt out is aired at 7am in Scotland once again for the next three Saturday mornings until the end of August whilst one episode was aired on Bank Holiday Monday (25 August) at 7.35am - 8.00am on BBC One Scotland due to Children's BBC H.O.T being aired on the main channel as it was a Bank Holiday, Classic comedy series The Phil Silvers Show was aired in Harry and the Hendersons timeslot in Scotland throughout the first week of September at 9.00am - 9.25am.[17]

BBC Two Scotland opt out of the network schedule to air an episode of The Raccoons instead of airing Harry and the Hendersons that was already aired in Scotland earlier on in the year, Raccoons is aired directly after the national CBBC breakfast show at 8.45am - 9.10am on Monday 27 October 1997 prior to Daytime on Two' school programmes.[32] Warner Brothers Cartoons was then aired in the same timeslot exactly two weeks later after the national CBBC breakfast show at 8.45am - 9.10am on Monday 10 November 1997 prior to Daytime on Two schools programmes once again, Harry and the Hendersons is aired in the slot prior to Daytime on Two school programmes across the UK, except Scotland since viewers in the region already saw the episode back in August.[33]

Up For It! returned for another run the following Summer of 1998 with Marsali Stewart on hosting duties to introduce episodes of Kenan & Kel, Sweet Valley High, Ocean Odyssey and The Simpsons (17th July only) that were aired in Scotland a month earlier to the network, the second series of Up For It aired between 29 June - 17 July 1998 at the same timeslot (8.35am - 9.35am) airing directly after the national CBBC breakfast show on BBC Two Scotland then was axed altogether after two series, Up For It S2 was linked with an announcerless ident then straight into the show afterwards.[34]

In August 1998, BBC Two Scotland opt out of the CBBC H.O.T network schedule to air classic films, US imported shows, New episodes of certain BBC shows that were yet to be screened in Scotland and some children's series in the mid-morning slot between 9am - 12pm for the final three weeks of the month (17 August - 3 September) - pre-school programming Teletubbies, King Greenfingers, Spot the Dog, Teddy Trucks, Secret Life of Toys and Barney the Dog were amongst the shows aired along with some other programmes including X-Men, Tom and Jerry Kids, Ocean Odyssey, The Flintstones and 1990s Australian TV series Sara that was displaced from the network schedule earlier on in the year, also omitting shows Kenan & Kel, Sweet Valley High and some episodes of Ocean Odyssey that was already aired in Scotland on their regional programme Up for It! the previous month.

Additionally, Bananaman was also aired on BBC Two Scotland on Tuesday 7 July 1998 at 12 noon, after being displaced from the network schedule the previous month due to the 1 O'clock news and Reporting Scotland moving to BBC Two Scotland to make way for World Cup football coverage on BBC One Scotland as the opening ceremony was held on Wednesday 10 June 1998,[35][36] The summer holiday mid-morning opt out was aired on BBC One Scotland on Bank Holiday Monday (31 August - Bank Holiday Monday) due to children's programmes (billed as CBBC H.O.T) and the 1950s film Anastasia being aired on the channel for one day only.[17]

And finally, there was no opt out in 1999 however CBBC Scotland was aired on BBC Two Scotland for the final time as a summer holiday opt-out from the network, airing with an out-of-vision continuity announcer linking into episodes of 50/50, Hyperlinks and FBi Best Bits between 10.50am and 12.00pm until 7 July,[37] by which point CBBC Scotland opt outs were now discontinued at this point onwards.

Logos and idents edit

Main article: CBBC idents
See also: History of BBC television idents § CBBC

References edit

  1. ^ "History | Muffin The Mule | Muffin The Mule created in 1946 was the BBC TV's first star!". www.muffinthemule.co. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  2. ^ TV Ark: CBBC 1980s
  3. ^ TV ark: CBBC 1984-1985
  4. ^ "BROOM CUPBOARD: An Unofficial History Of Children's BBC Presentation". 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  5. ^ a b "CBBC 1985-1987". TV Ark. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  6. ^ Brown, David (9 September 2020). "Back to the broom cupboard: the best from 35 years of CBBC". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  7. ^ The Annual Report & Accounts 1991. BBC. 1992. p. 28.
  8. ^ a b TV Ark: CBBC 1994-1997
  9. ^ TV Ark: CBBC 1997-2002
  10. ^ "CBBC Autumn 2007". BBC. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  11. ^ "Schedule - BBC Programme Index".
  12. ^ "Schedule - BBC Programme Index".
  13. ^ https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000445/19860723/025/0002. Retrieved 30 March 2023 – via British Newspaper Archive. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ "Search".
  15. ^ "Daily Record 18 Feb 1991, page 17". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  16. ^ "Daily Record 29 Mar 1991, page 26". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Search". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  18. ^ "Daily Record 26 Jun 1992, page 21". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  19. ^ "Dumfries and Galloway Standard 03 Jul 1992, page 12". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  20. ^ "The Ice Cream Van BBC Scotland in The 90's". Retrieved 30 March 2023 – via www.youtube.com.
  21. ^ "Dumfries and Galloway Standard 03 Jul 1992, page 12". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  22. ^ "Irvine Herald and Kilwinning Chronicle 10 Jul 1992, page 10". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  23. ^ "The Perthshire Advertiser, etc. 02 Jul 1993, page 29". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  24. ^ "Scotland and Northern Ireland School Holidays: including Ceefax and Breakfast on BBC2! - Page 4 - TV Forum". www.tvforum.co.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  25. ^ "Dumfries and Galloway Standard from Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland". 15 October 1993.
  26. ^ "Stirling Observer 01 Jul 1994, page 50". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Irvine Herald and Kilwinning Chronicle 01 Jul 1994, page 92". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  28. ^ "CBBC Scotland ident - Mouse". Retrieved 30 March 2023 – via www.youtube.com.
  29. ^ "Daily Record 14 Oct 1996, page 22". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  30. ^ "BBC 1 scotland junctions 8 oct 96". YouTube.
  31. ^ "Daily Record 30 Jun 1997, page 25". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  32. ^ "Daily Record 27 Oct 1997, page 22". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Daily Record 10 Nov 1997, page 22". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Daily Record 29 Jun 1998, page 23".
  35. ^ "Search".
  36. ^ "Search".
  37. ^ "CBBC Scotland Continuity - 3rd July 2000". Retrieved 30 March 2023 – via www.youtube.com.

External links edit

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