The Cavarī or Cavarēs (Gaulish: *Cauaroi, 'the heroes, champions, mighty men') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the western part of modern Vaucluse, around the present-day cities of Avignon, Orange and Cavaillon, during the Roman period. They were at the head of a confederation of tribes that included the Tricastini, Segovellauni and Memini, and whose territory stretched further north along the Rhône Valley up to the Isère river.
Name
editThey are mentioned as Kaouárōn (Καουάρων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[1] Cavarum by Pliny (1st c. AD),[2] Cavarum and Cavaras by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD),[3] Kaúaroi (Καύαροι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[4] and as Cavares on the Tabula Peutingeriana (5th c. AD).[5]
The ethnonym Cavarī is a latinized form of Gaulish *Cauaroi (sing. *Cauaros), meaning "the heroes", or "the mighty men".[6] It derives from the Celtic stem *kawaro-, meaning "hero, champion" (cf. Old Irish cuar "hero, champion, warrior", Middle Welsh cawr, Breton kaour "giant, champion").[7][8]
Geography
editTerritory
editThe Cavari dwelled on the east bank of the Rhône river, between the Durance (Druentia) and the Tricastin.[9] Their territory was located west of the Vocontii, Memini, Albici and Dexivates, south of the Segovellauni and Tricastini, east of the Volcae Arecomici, north of the Anatilii and Salyes.[10] Some scholars have proposed that the actual boundary between the Salyes and Cavari was the marshy area north of St-Rémy rather than the Durance.[11]
Strabo mentioned that the lands from Cabellio (Cavaillon) up to the confluence of the Isère with the Rhône belonged to the Cavari, Pliny placed Valence in Cavarian territory, and Ptolemy located them immediately south of the Segovellauni, which indicates that they controlled, further north of their homeland, a strip of land along the Rhône up to the confluence of this river with the Isère.[12]
... if you cross the river by ferry into the city of Caballio, the whole country next thereafter belongs to the Cavari, up to the confluence of the Isar with the Rhodanus; this is also approximately where the Cemmenus Mountain joins the Rhodanus; the length of your journey from Druentia up to this place is seven hundred stadia.
— Strabo 1923. Geōgraphiká 4:1:11.
Settlements
editThe pre-Roman hill-fort of the Cavari was probably situated on the Colline St-Eutrope, a hill overlooking the modern town of Orange, Vaucluse.[13]
During the Roman era, their main settlement was known as Arausio (modern Orange). It was founded as Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio ca. 35 BC by Octavian for the veterans of Legio II Gallica, in the vicinity of their hill-fort. Arausio is best known today for two surviving Roman monuments: the Triumphal Arch of Orange, probably built in two phases under Augustus (27 BC–14 AD) and Tiberius (from 26 AD), and the Theatre of Orange, one of the best preserved Roman theatres, likely build at the time of the foundation of the colony.[13][14]
Other important settlements were located at Cabellio (Cavaillon) and Avennio (Avignon).[9] Erected as a hill-fort on the Rocher des Doms, Avennio grew into a prosperous settlement during the Iron Age.[15] By the end of the 3rd century BC, Avennio likely belonged to the Volcae, who controlled at that time both sides of the Rhône.[16] Artemidorus (fl. 100 BC) described Cabellio and Avennio as Massaliote cities, which probably indicates that they came under Greek control after the Roman conquest of southeastern Gaul in 125–121 BC.[17] Greek influence is confirmed archaeologically by pottery, coins and bilingual inscriptions.[18]
History
editEarly Roman period
editThe Cavari are not attested in historical sources before the Augustan period, and little is known about their early history.[16] They may have originally belonged to the Allobrogian or Vocontian sphere of influence.[9]
Between 125 and 122 BC, the armies of the Roman Republic crossed the Alps and fought the Salluvii and Vocontii. After the Allobroges gave shelter to the Salluvian chiefs and raided the Aedui, a recent ally of Rome, the latter declared war against them. In 121 BC, the Roman forces defeated the Allobroges at the Battle of Vindalium, which took place near Vindalium, a Cavarian settlement probably corresponding to Mourre-de-Sève (Sorgues). In the aftermath of a decisive Gallic defeat at the Battle of the Isère River in August of the same year, the territory of the Cavari was integrated into the province of Gallia Transalpina some time between 120 and 117 BC.[19] During the Cimbrian War, the Battle of Arausio took place near their hill-fort in October 105 BC.[20]
The Cavari seem to have not taken part in those conflicts, and the absence of their name from the records of the Roman victories during the First Transalpine War (125–121 BC) and the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC) may suggest that they had friendly relations with Rome.[17]
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Roman period
editAt the time of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD), the Cavari were at the head of a confederation stretching between the Durance and the Isère river, and which included the Memini, Tricastini and Segovellauni.[12][21] They were also in control of the area located around Avennio, on the eastern bank of the Rhône, which had previously belonged to the Volcae and Massalia.[16] In the early 1st century AD, Greek geographer Strabo described them as mostly, though apparently recently, Romanized:
... the Cavari stretching along parallel to [the Volcae] on the opposite side of the river, the name of the Cavari prevails, and people are already calling by that name all the barbarians in that part of the country—no, they are no longer barbarians, but are, for the most part, transformed to the type of the Romans, both in their speech and in their modes of living, and some of them in their civic life as well.
— Strabo 1923. Geōgraphiká 4:1:12.
Archaeology
editThe Tarasque de Noves anthropophagous statue, displayed in the Musée Calvet in Avignon, is attributed to the Cavari.
References
edit- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:1:11, 4:1:12.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:34, 3:36.
- ^ Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis, 2:5:75, 2:5:79.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:9:8.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Cavares, Col. Arausio and Avennio.
- ^ de Hoz 2005, p. 179.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 112.
- ^ Matasović 2009, p. 196.
- ^ a b c Kruta 2000, p. 527.
- ^ Talbert 2000, Map 15: Arelate-Massalia, Map 17: Lugdunum.
- ^ Rivet 1988, p. 268.
- ^ a b Barruol 1969, pp. 231–241.
- ^ a b Rivet 1988, pp. 272–273.
- ^ Mladenović 2012.
- ^ Rivet 1988, p. 265.
- ^ a b c Leveau 2000, p. 40–41.
- ^ a b Rivet 1988, p. 42.
- ^ Rivet 1988, pp. 262–265.
- ^ Rawlings 2017.
- ^ Rivet 1988, p. 272.
- ^ Rivet 1988, pp. 16, 300.
Primary sources
edit- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674993648.
- Strabo (1923). Geography. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674990562.
Bibliography
edit- Barruol, Guy (1969). Les Peuples préromains du Sud-Est de la Gaule: étude de géographie historique. E. de Boccard. OCLC 3279201.
- de Hoz, Javier (2005). "Ptolemy and the linguistic history of the Narbonensis". In de Hoz, Javier; Luján, Eugenio R.; Sims-Williams, Patrick (eds.). New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography. Ediciones Clásicas. pp. 173–188. ISBN 978-8478825721.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Kruta, Venceslas (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05690-6.
- Leveau, Philippe (2000). "Dynamiques territoriales et subdivisions des cités romaines. A propos des cités d'Avignon et Arles (Gaule Narbonnaise)". Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise. 33 (1): 39–46. doi:10.3406/ran.2000.1540.
- Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
- Mladenović, Dragana (2012). "Arausio". In Bagnall, Roger S. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16014. ISBN 978-1-4443-3838-6.
- Rawlings, Louis (2017). "The Roman Conquest of Southern Gaul, 125-121 BC". In Whitby, Michael; Sidebottom, Harry (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0450. ISBN 978-1-4051-8645-2.
- Rivet, A. L. F. (1988). Gallia Narbonensis: With a Chapter on Alpes Maritimae : Southern France in Roman Times. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-5860-2.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.