Bruny Island Tasmanian, or Nuenonne ("Nyunoni"), a name shared with Southeast Tasmanian, is an Aboriginal language or pair of languages of Tasmania in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern.[2] It was spoken on Bruny Island, off the southeastern coast of Tasmania, by the Bruny tribe.
| Bruny Island | |
|---|---|
| Nuenonne | |
| Region | Bruny Island, Tasmania |
| Ethnicity | Bruny tribe of Tasmanians |
| Extinct | perhaps 8 May 1876, with the death of Truganini |
Eastern Tasmanian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xpz |
| Glottolog | brun1235 |
| AIATSIS[1] | T5 (includes SE Tasmanian) |
Bruny Island Tasmanian is attested in a list of 986 words collected by Joseph Milligan (published 1857 & 1859); in 515 words collected by George Augustus Robinson; in 273 words from Charles Sterling; and in 111 words from R.A. Roberts (published 1828). The Milligan vocabulary is divergent, and falls out as a distinct language when the lists are compared at p < 0.15, though it falls together with the rest of the island at a looser criterion of p < 0.20.[3]
"Running text"
editThe following is a sermon which George Augustus Robinson preached to the aboriginals on Bruny Island after having stayed there for eight weeks.[4] The first line is Robinson's transcription, followed by a reconstruction of what sounds Robinson was trying to represent, and finally an English gloss.
MOTTI
moti
one
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERDI
palati
God
MOTTI
moti
one
NOVILLY
nowili
bad
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
PARLERDI
palati
God
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERDI
palati
God
MAGGERER
makara
stop
WARRANGELLY
waran-ngali
sky
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
MAGGERER
makara
stop
TOOGENNER
tökana
below
UENEE
wini
fire
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERVAR
palawa
native
LOGERNER
lookana
dead
TAGGERER
takara
goes
TEENNY
tini
road
LAWWAY
lawey
up
WARRANGELLY
waran-ngali
sky
PARLERDI
palati
God
NYRAE
nairi
good
RAEGE (etc.)
retji
white man
NOVILLY
nowili
bad
PARLERVAR
palawa
native
LOGERNER
lookana
dead
TAGGERER
takara
go
TEENNY
tini
road
TOOGUNNER
tökana
below
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
UENEE
wini
fire
MAGGERER
makara
stop
UENEE
wini
fire
This would roughly translate to:
"God is good, the devil is bad. God is good. God in heaven stops the devil in hell. A good Aboriginal or a good white person goes to heaven when he/she dies, while a bad Aboriginal or a bad white person goes to hell. God stops the devil in hell."
This is the only "running text" ever recorded for any of the Tasmanian languages. This sermon is really English replaced word-for-word with Bruny Island words stripped of their grammar, so is not a good indicator of what Bruny Island grammar was like.
History
editThe last speaker of Bruny Island was likely Truganini, who is also widely accepted as the last full-blooded Tasmanian Aboriginal person. She was a daughter of Mangana, Chief of the Bruny Island people. Her name was the word her tribe used to describe the grey saltbush Atriplex cinerea.[5] In her youth, she took part in her people's traditional culture, but Aboriginal life was disrupted by European invasion.
When Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1824, he implemented two policies to deal with the growing conflict between settlers and the Aboriginal peoples. First, bounties were awarded for the capture of Aboriginal adults and children, and secondly an effort was made to establish friendly relations with Aboriginal Peoples in order to lure them into camps. The campaign began on Bruny Island, where there had been fewer hostilities than in other parts of Tasmania.
When Truganini met George Augustus Robinson, the Protector of Aborigines, in 1829, her mother had been killed by sailors, her uncle shot by a soldier, her sister abducted by sealers, and her fiancé brutally murdered by timber-getters, who then repeatedly sexually abused her. In 1830, Robinson, moved Truganini and Woorrady to Flinders Island with the last surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples, numbering approximately 100. The stated aim of isolation was to save them,[citation needed] but many of the group died from influenza and other diseases. Truganini also helped Robinson with a settlement for mainland Aboriginal People at Port Phillip in 1838.[6]
After about two years of living in and around Melbourne, she joined Tunnerminnerwait and three other Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples as outlaws, robbing and shooting at settlers around Dandenong and starting a long pursuit by the authorities. They headed to Bass River and then Cape Paterson. There, members of their group murdered two whalers at Watsons hut. The group was captured and sent for trial for murder at Port Phillip. A gunshot wound to Truganini's head was treated by Dr. Hugh Anderson of Bass River. The two men of the group were found guilty and hanged on 20 January 1842.[7] Truganini and most of the other Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples were returned to Flinders Island several months later.
In 1856, the few surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal people on Flinders Island, including Truganini, were moved to a settlement at Oyster Cove, south of Hobart.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ T5 (includes SE Tasmanian) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Claire Bowern, September 2012, "The riddle of Tasmanian languages", Proc. R. Soc. B, 279, 4590–4595, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1842
- ^ Bowern (2012), supplement
- ^ J.E. Calder, 1874. "Native Tribes of Tasmania", Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 3:28
- ^ Ellis, V. R. 1981. Trucanini: Queen or Traitor. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. p.3
- ^ The Andersons of Western Port Horton & Morris
- ^ "Port Phillip". Australasian Chronicle (Sydney, NSW : 1839 - 1843). Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. 15 February 1842. p. 2. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ Gough, Julie Oyster Cove at Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, University of Tasmania
- ^ According to The Times newspaper, quoting a report issued by the Colonial Office, by 1861 the number of survivors at Oyster Cove was then 14:"...14 persons, all adults, aboriginal people of Tasmania, who are the sole surviving remnant of ten tribes. Nine of these persons are women and five are men. There are among them four married couples, and four of the men and five of the women are under 45 years of age, but no children have been born to them for years. It is considered difficult to account for this...Besides these 14 persons there is a native woman who is married to a white man, and who has a son, a fine healthy-looking child..." The article, headed ‘Decay of Race’, adds that though the survivors enjoyed generally good health and still made hunting trips to the bush during the season (after first asking "leave to go"), they were now "fed, housed and clothed at public expense" and "much addicted to drinking". The Times, Tuesday, 5 Feb 1861; pg. 10; Issue 23848; col A