The Braak Bog Figures are two wooden carvings discovered in 1947 in a peat bog in Braak, Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. Part of a larger tradition of similar figures spanning the period from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages, they are human-like in appearance and have been carbon dated to the 2nd or 3rd century BCE; the Schleswig-Holstein state archaeology museum puts them as far back as 400BCE. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their function and what they may represent, from depictions of deities to ancestor worship.
Appearance and dating edit
Carved from carefully selected naturally forked oak branches,[1] the figures are human-like and are 275 centimetres (108 in) (male) and 230 centimetres (91 in) (female) in height.[2] They have sockets for arms (the appendages are missing) and pebbles may have been used for their eyes.[3] The figures exhibit marked sexual dimorphism: in addition to the difference in height, the female has her hair in a topknot and the male has short hair with bangs,[1] and the sexual organs are emphasized.[4] The breasts of the female figure are "set in separately" and the male figure's genital had been "struck off".[2] The noses are also differentiated, but both have open mouths as if screaming.[1] Fires had repeatedly been built near the site of the find.[5]
The Braak figures are carbon dated to the 3rd to 2nd century BCE,[1] but have also been dated to the early 4th century BCE.[6] They are among several anthropomorphic wooden figures of varying form unearthed from the Neolithic and into the Middle Ages, in areas of Northern Europe ranging from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany to Norrland in Sweden.[7] The majority of these figures date to the Iron Age and the Roman period.[8] Of these, the Braak Bog Figures are the largest found in Germany,[6] and Malcolm Todd calls them the "most imposing".[4]
Interpretations edit
Fokke Sierksma commented in 1960 that as the figures were found together in a peat bog, near a pile of stones containing fragments of pottery and evidence of fire, these find circumstances "together with the considerable dimension of the figures, and the combination of a male and a female figure, make it virtually certain that they represent deities of Northern Germanic tribes. These located the residence of their gods in peat bogs, and regarded the sacred union of a fertility god and a fertility goddess as prerequisite for the continued propagation of life in all its forms".[2]
Hilda Ellis Davidson (1975) comments that these figures may represent a "Lord and Lady" of the Vanir, a group of Norse gods, and that "another memory of [these wooden figures] may survive in the tradition of the creation of Ask and Embla, the man and woman who founded the human race, created by the gods from trees on the seashore".[9] It is also possible to regard them as part of ancestor worship.[10][11]
Malcolm Todd (2009) comments that the Braak Bog Figures and other similar bog figures have a "significance [that is] difficult to determine but [they] should be related to the supra-mundane and perhaps specifically to the presiding deities of fertility and war".[4]
Current location and controversy edit
The Braak Bog Figures are in the Schleswig-Holstein state archaeology museum at Gottorf Castle. The post-war conservator there, Karl Schlabow, has been accused of over-restoring archaeological exhibits, including accentuating the sexual characteristics of the Braak figures.[12]
See also edit
- Bog body, human bodies placed in peat bogs
- Hörgr, attested in Old Norse sources as a pile of stones in North Germanic religious practice
- Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism, religious role of wetlands and depositions in them
Notes edit
- ^ a b c d Aldhouse Green (2004:59–60).
- ^ a b c Sierksma (1960:168).
- ^ Davidson (1988:17).
- ^ a b c Todd (2009:108).
- ^ Aldhouse Green (2004:61).
- ^ a b Hansen (2010:34).
- ^ Oldeberg (1957).
- ^ See Davidson (1988:15-19) & Todd (2009:108).
- ^ Davidson (1975:88—89).
- ^ Capelle (1995:13).
- ^ Freudenberg (2007:85).
- ^ Brock (2007:2). See also Aldhouse Green (2004:60).
References edit
- Aldhouse Green, Miranda J. (2004). An Archaeology of Images: Iconology and Cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9780415252539
- Brock, Thomas (2007-02-17). "Windeby: Geheimnis der Moorleichen gelüftet". Der Spiegel. (in German)
- Capelle, Torsten (1995). Anthropomorphe Holzidole in Mittel- und Nordeuropa. Scripta minora Regiae Societatis Humaniorum Litterarum Lundensis, 1995/96, 1. Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 9789122017059 (in German)
- Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1975). Scandinavian Mythology. Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-03637-5
- Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719025792
- Freudenberg, Mechthild (2007). "Tod und Jenseits. Ein Ausstellungsprojekt im Archäologischen Landesmuseum Schloss Gottorf". In: Zweiundvierzig: Festschrift für Michael Gebühr zum 65. Geburtstag. Ed. Stefan Burmeister, Heidrun Derks and Jasper von Richthofen. Internationale Archäologie, Studia honoraria, 25. ISBN 9783896464255 (77–88) (in German)
- Hansen, Svend (2010). "Archaeological Finds from Germany: Booklet to the Photographic Exhibition". Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung.
- Oldeberg, Andreas (1957). "Några träidoler från förhistorisk och senare tid" Archived 2017-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Fornvännen 52, 247–58. (in Swedish) (German summary)
- Sierksma, Fokke (G. E. van Baaren-Pape Trans.) (1960). The Gods as We Shape Them. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Todd, Malcolm (2009). The Early Germans. 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405137560
Further reading edit
- Van der Sanden, Wijnand, and Capelle, Torsten (2001). Mosens Guder: antropomorfe traefigurer fra Nord- og Nordvesteuropas fortid / Immortal Images: Ancient Anthropomorphic Wood Carvings from Northern and Northwest Europe. Silkeborg Museum. ISBN 9788788016819
- Dietrich, Mirja. (2000). "Das Holzfigurenpaar und der 'Brandplatz' aus dem Aukamper Moor bei Braak, Kreis Ostholstein". Offa, 57, 145–230 (in German)