The Second Battle of Ugentana, was a military operation that took place in 1536, between Portuguese forces and those of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor.
| Second Battle of Ugentana | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Malay–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
.svg){kind=small} Portuguese Empire | Sultanate of Johor | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Dom Estevão da Gama | Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1 carrack, light oarvessels[1] 400 Portuguese soldiers[1] 400 Malay auxiliaries[1] Unrecorded number of slave gunners |
5,000 men[1] 40 oarvessels[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 3 dead[1] | 500 dead[1] | ||||||
The Battle
editIn 1535, the Portuguese captain of Malacca Dom Estevão da Gama attempted to defeat the Sultan of Johor by attacking his capital at Ugentana. Although he burned the city, the sultan avoided the total destruction of his forces by evacuating the city and retreating with his army into the jungle, while most of his fleet was out at sea at the time.[1] Hence, he was able to rebuild his city and continue harassing the navigation of Malacca after the Portuguese had left, and for that reason Dom Estevão was compelled to try and attack Ugentana once more.[1] He departed from Malacca with a carrack, a number of light oarships, 400 Portuguese soldiers, 400 auxiliaries and an unrecorded number of combat slaves with arquebuses.[1][2]
The Portuguese fleet went through a storm sailing into the Singapore Strait, which sank Dom Estevão's galley. Having sailed up the Johor River, the Portuguese learned that the sultan had constructed a new stockade where a stone fort they destroyed the previous year had once stood, garrisoned by 5,000 men, a short distance from his capital.[1] However, the sultan's forces were considerably weakened because the Portuguese had captured large amounts of artillery the previous year.[1] Dom Estevão landed his men and attacked the stockade by land, the Portuguese sailors, Malay auxiliaries and slaves hurled clay bombs, which lit fires and threw the defenders into confusion.[1][3] The soldiers then stormed it and captured it after a brief fight.[1]
The Portuguese managed to capture the sultan's fleet, numbering 40 lancharas that were beached at that location.[1] The sultan witnessed the battle from atop an elephant, and again attempted to evacuate into the jungle, but he suffered a revolt and his baggage train carrying his treasure was assaulted mid-retreat by his own fleeing forces.[1] Under these conditions, he sought terms with the Portuguese, but Dom Estevão only agreed to sign a peace treaty after the sultan provided his uncle as a hostage.[1][3]
With the capture of the Johor fleet, navigation in the Singapore Straight became much safer and trade increased.[1][4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Saturnino Monteiro: Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 1139-1975, 1991, Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, p.267-269.
- ^ Collecção de monumentos ineditos para a historia das conquistas dos Portuguezes, em Africa, Asia e America Typ. da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1862, p.722.
- ^ a b Collecção de monumentos ineditos, 1862, p.724.
- ^ M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz: Asian Trade and European Influence: In the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 , Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, p.141