The balady citron is a variety of citron, or etrog, grown in Israel and the West Bank, mostly for Jewish ritual purposes. Not native to the region, it was imported around 500 or 300 BCE by either Jewish or Greek settlers. Initially not widely grown, it was promoted and popularized in the 1870s by Rabbi Chaim Elozor Wax.
| Balady citron (etrog) | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Braverman sub-variety of Balady citron | |
| Species | C. medica L. var. Balady |
Etymology
editBalady (Arabic: بلدي) is Arabic for "native." Local Arab farmers began using this name in the mid-19th century to distinguish this variety from the Greek citron, which was cultivated along the Jaffa seashore.[1]
The balady citron is an acidic variety, alongside the Florentine and Diamante citron from Italy, and the Greek citron.[2]
History
editCitrus fruits are not native to Israel.[3] According to Gallesio, Jews from Babylonia introduced the citron into Judea in around 500 BCE,[4][5] while Tolkowsky believed that Greek settlers brought it from India around 200 years later during the 3rd century BCE.[4] It is thought that the citron is the oldest cultivated fruit in the country.[6] Being of ritual significance for Jews, the citron was exported abroad in small quantities during Roman times.[7][8] During the 1800s, the Balady was grown on the outskirts of Nablus, Nazareth, Tiberias, Safed and Alma al-Shaib, in Umm al-Fahm and in Lifta village near Jerusalem.[9] It was only in the middle of the 19th-century that Balady citrons began to feature significantly in the European market and a religious Jewish controversy subsequently erupted as to whether the citrons had been grafted and therefore deemed disqualified for ritual use.[10]
In the 1870s, Rabbi Chaim Elozor Wax devoted himself to its cultivation and organized shipments to Europe. He felt the Balady citron had the strongest traditional lineage of species pureness, and claimed it was to be found in the wild when Nahmanides (d. 1270) arrived in the country. He wrote many letters to the rabbis hoping to influence the diaspora to use the Balady citron. These letters were published in his responsa Nefesh Haya and the responsa of his correspondents, as well as in pamphlets addressing the Greek citron controversy.[11] Under his influence, many Jews began to purchase the Balady instead of the Greek citron.[12] While the variety was not domesticated, it was used by important scholars and pious Jews who believed in its purity and appropriateness.[13] Rabbi Wax also saw the trade in this citron as an important source of economic income for the Jewish community in Palestine. He invested large sums establishing orchards in Hittin donating the profits to charity.[12] In 1875, Wax planted 600 trees and by 1883 over 40,000 citrons had been exported.[14]
The pro-Zionist newspapers HaMelitz and HaLevanon were instrumental in stirring up interest in etrog cultivation in Israel, which was seen as important in paving the way for Jewish independence.[15] The Greek citron has been introduced for plantation in the 1840s by Sephardic Jews with the financial backing of Sir Moses Montefiore. The new Greek-Jaffa variety was more commercially successful than Balady.[16] Despite all efforts, the Balady was still unable to compete with the Greek citron and at the beginning of that 20th-century its cultivation was very primitive and limited.[17] The Balady was considered unattractive and some of the new immigrants continued using varieties they were accustomed to in the diaspora.[18]
The supporters of the Balady were strained in a conflict of interest. While the Greek citron grown in Jaffa showed a good economical future, the Halachic intentions were against it. As a partial solution, the Greek-Jaffa citron was occasionally grafted onto Balady rootstock. The progeny achieved the beautiful properties of the scion type, while the possible influence of lemon rootstock was assumed to be flushed, and replaced with that of the most kosher Balady rootstock.[19] At some point, Rabbi Wax was forced to relent and commence topworking to part of his orchard, in order to replace part of the crop with the Greek citron.[20]
Rescue and selections
editThe Old Yishuv rabbis Shmuel Salant and Meir Auerbach supported the progeny of Umm el-Fahm, but those declined quickly. Later, some Israeli rabbis did their utmost for the rescue of Balady. Each collected propagation material from a different place and brought it into cultivation under close supervision. This is how a diversity of sub-varieties or selections with different names developed.[21]
The list of rabbis who were instrumental includes (arranged in order of date): Rabbi Zarach Reuven Braverman founder and dean of the Yeshiva Mea Shearim and Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld;[22] which both where close disciples of Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin.[21] Braverman's citron was planted by in the orchard of Yehoshua Stampfer and Zonnenfeld's (today known as 'Kibilewitz')' in the same orchard, but in the time of his son-in-law, Pinhas Globman.[23]
When the Chazon Ish reached the Holy Land, he made his own selection according to his satisfaction. To Yakov Halperin, founder of Zichron Meir in Bnei Brak, he gave plantings of the variety called Halperin-Chazon Ish; and to Rabbi Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz, the variety called Lefkowitz-Chazon Ish.[24]
Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook promoted the intraspecific graft from the Greek citron onto Balady citron rootstock, and granted his Hechsher for this, believing that it was a practical solution to grow beautiful etrogs that were also kosher. However, he still acknowledged the halachic promotion of those etrogs cultivated at different Arabic villages, that were never as nice but were praised for not being grafted.[25]
Balady citron varieties are still grown and sold today in diaspora as well as in Israel, and are favored by the followers of the Brisker Rov and the Chazon Ish.[26]
Local cultivars are also used in Israeli cuisine for jams, juice and alcoholic drinks.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ קונטרס פרי עץ הדר, ירושלים תרל"ח Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Meena, Ajay Kumar; Kandale, Ajit; Rao, M. M.; Panda, P.; Reddy, Govind (2011). "A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses". The Journal of Pharmacy. 2 (1): 14–20.
- ^ Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer (1951). "1. The History and Extent of Citrus Cultivation in Palestine". Citrus Entomology in the Middle East: With Special References to Egypt, Iran, Irak, Palestine, Syria, Turkey. Dr. W. Junk. p. 3.
Citrus plants are no natives of Palestine.
- ^ a b Elisabetta Nicolosi (2007). "3. Origin and Taxonomy". In Iqrar Ahmad Khan (ed.). Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology. CABI. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-85199-019-4.
- ^ Alan Davidson (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6.
From there it reached Babylonia, where it came to the notice of the exiled Jews, who later brought it back to Israël.
- ^ Report FS. United States Bureau of Agricultural Economics. 1935. p. 2.
Of the fruits now grown in Palestine, it is believed that the citron (Ethrog in Hebrew) is the oldest known in that country.
- ^ Isaac, Erich (1958). "Rise of the Palestinian Citron". The Citron in the Mediterranean: A Study in Religious Influences. Economic geography. University of California. p. 76.
Etrogim were, of course grown from ancient times in Palestine and individual citron reached European Jewish dignitaries, but there was no significant trade until the latter part of the nineteenth century.
- ^ R. E. Hunter (1946). "Review: Hesperides. History of citrus fruits, Tolkowsky, Samuel, London, 1938". The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. Vol. 19–20. The Society. p. xlii.
The fruits were cultivated in Palestine and exported to Jewish communities settled in Europe.
- ^ Letter by Rabbi Meir Auerbach, printed at the end of the 4th chapter of first volume of the responsa Nefesh Chaya by Rabbi Chaim Elozor Wax שו"ת נפש חיה או"ח סי' ד סוה"ס
- ^ Issac, (1958). "Israëli" citrons began to figure in the European market in the late 1850s. These etrogim, however, met considerable opposition from certain Orthodox communities on the grounds that they were grafted. To counteract this unfavorable propaganda, a group of Palestinian rabbis investigated the situation and published a volume to inform world Jewry in which areas grafting was practiced and which exporters could not be relied upon, thus by implication putting the seal of approval upon the rest. The rabbis denied that grafting was universal in Palestine."
- ^ תולדות הנפש חיה, י.ד. בית הלוי, פרקים ח-י. שו"ת ביכורי שלמה סי' לח
- ^ a b תולדות הנפש חיה, י.ד. בית הלוי, פרקים ח-י.
- ^ שו"ת נפש חיה או"ח סי' ב-ד
- תולדות הנפש חיה, י.ד. בית הלוי, פרקים ח-י.
- ^ Our History, Kupath Rabbi Meir Baal Haness.
- ^ יוסף שלמון, הפולמוס על אתרוגי קורפו ואתרוגי ארץ ישראל - 1875–1891, ציון - רבעון לחקר תולדות ישראל, שנה סה (תש"ס) עמוד 75 והלאה.
- ^ קונטרס פרי עץ הדר, השותפים סלאנט, ירושלים תרל"ח Archived 2008-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
- יוסף שלמון, הפולמוס על אתרוגי קורפו ואתרוגי ארץ ישראל - 1875–1891, ציון - רבעון לחקר תולדות ישראל, שנה סה (תש"ס) עמוד 75 והלאה.
- ^ Taharat Haetrogim page 299.
- ^ Letter by Rabbi Shneor Zalman of Lublin, in Igros Baal Torath Chesed Chapter 9, אגרות בעל תורת חסד סימן ט
- Responsa Imrei Binah by Rabbi Meir Auerbach, chapter 11 of the last cycle of the first volume שו"ת אמרי בינה או"ח-יו"ד סוה"ס סי' יא
- ^ Igros HoRaye 114
- ^ תולדות הנפש חיה, י.ד. בית הלוי, פרק ח.
- אתרוגי ארץ ישראל, זהר עמר, תשע"א, עמוד 16 והלאה.
- יוסף שלמון, הפולמוס על אתרוגי קורפו ואתרוגי ארץ ישראל - 1875–1891, ציון - רבעון לחקר תולדות ישראל, שנה סה (תש"ס) עמוד 75 והלאה.
- ^ a b אתרוגי ארץ ישראל, זהר עמר, תשע"א
- ^ According to Professor Eliezer E. Goldschmidt (Hilkhot Sadeh, issue 146, Elul 5765, Page 24) the Kibilewitz-etrog was obtained in 1910 at the remote nature of Wadi Qelt. According to the Widow Kibilewitz and Mr. & Mrs. Kelli, it was obtained by Rabbi Sonnenfeld.
- ^ Rozenfeld article in Kobetz Etz Chaim
- ^ Menachem Pines, (September 2009). "The Chazon Ish's Magic Esrog Tree", Mishpacha.
- ^ .אגרות הראי"ה, חלק א, סימן נב, עמוד סא
- ^ See Etrog in Hebrew Wikipedia
Further reading
edit- Tolkowsky, S. (1938). Hesperides: a History of the Culture and Use of Citrus Fruits. John Bale, Sons and Curnow Ltd, London.
- Isaac, Eric; Isaac, Rael. (1958). A Goodly Tree: Sacred and Profane History. Commentary.
- Salmon, Y. (2000). The Controversy over Etrogim from Corfu and Palestine, 1875—1891. Zion, pp. 75–106.
- HaLevanon 11 no 23 Moshe Montefiori supporting plantation.
- HaLevanon 13 no 42 Letter by Rabbi Meir Auerbach, no 47 Letter by the Sephardic Chacham Bashi Rabbi Avraham Ashkenazi about some murkavim in Jaffa and Jerusalem environs. He stated that all these etrogim had a Pitam and those without one should not be used.
- HaLevanon 14 no 2 go right to page 4—History of Balady and description of sub-varieties by Yakov Sapir, No 9—page 5 no 14—page 4—no 15—page 7 Yakov Sapir addressing the conflict over the Jaffa-Greek etrog and the Balady.