Ba is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ba is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ba
Ba
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseBa
TibetanBa
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiBa
DevanagariBa
Cognates
Hebrewב
GreekΒ
LatinB
CyrillicВ, Б
Properties
Phonemic representation/b/
IAST transliterationb B
ISCII code pointCA (202)

Āryabhaṭa numeration

edit

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ब are:[1]

  • [bə] = 23 (२३)
  • बि [bɪ] = 2,300 (२ ३००)
  • बु [bʊ] = 230,000 (२३० ०००)
  • बृ [bri] = 23,000,000 (२३० ०० ०००)
  • बॢ [blə] = 23×108 (२३×१०)
  • बे [be] = 23×1010 (२३×१०१०)
  • बै [bɛː] = 23×1012 (२३×१०१२)
  • बो [boː] = 23×1014 (२३×१०१४)
  • बौ [bɔː] = 23×1016 (२३×१०१६)

Historic Ba

edit

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ba as found in standard Brahmi,   was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta  . The Tocharian Ba   did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ba, in Kharoshthi ( ) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ba

edit

The Brahmi letter  , Ba, is probably derived from the Aramaic Bet  , and is thus related to the modern Latin B and Greek Beta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ba can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ba historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
         

Tocharian Ba

edit

The Tocharian letter   is derived from the Brahmi  , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ba with vowel marks
Ba Bi Bu Br Br̄ Be Bai Bo Bau
                 

Kharoṣṭhī Ba

edit

The Kharoṣṭhī letter   is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Bet  , and is thus related to B and Beta, in addition to the Brahmi Ba.[2]

Devanagari Ba

edit

Ba () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , after having gone through the Gupta letter  . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘤.

Devanagari-using Languages

edit

In all languages, ब is pronounced as [bə] or [b] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ब with vowel marks
Ba Bi Bu Br Br̄ Bl Bl̄ Be Bai Bo Bau B
बा बि बी बु बू बृ बॄ बॢ बॣ बे बै बो बौ ब्

Conjuncts with ब

edit
 
Half form of Ba.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ब

edit

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form   for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: note

 

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

 

  • ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

 

  • ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:

 

  • द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:

 

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

 

Stacked conjuncts of ब

edit

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • ब্ (b) + ब (ba) gives the ligature bba:

 

  • ब্ (b) + च (ca) gives the ligature bca:

 

  • ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ग (ga) gives the ligature bga:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:

 

  • ब্ (b) + क (ka) gives the ligature bka:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ल (la) gives the ligature bla:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:

 

  • ब্ (b) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bña:

 

  • ब্ (b) + व (va) gives the ligature bva:

 

  • च্ (c) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cba:

 

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:

 

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:

 

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍʱba:

 

  • ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:

 

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature jʰba:

 

  • क্ (k) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kba:

 

  • ख্ (kʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature kʰba:

 

  • ल্ (l) + ब (ba) gives the ligature lba:

 

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḷba:

 

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:

 

  • ञ্ (ñ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ñba:

 

  • फ্ (pʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature pʰba:

 

  • स্ (s) + ब (ba) gives the ligature sba:

 

  • श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:

 

  • त্ (t) + ब (ba) gives the ligature tba:

 

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:

 

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭʰba:

 

  • व্ (v) + ब (ba) gives the ligature vba:

 

Bengali Ba

edit

The Bengali script ব is derived from the Siddhaṃ  , not  . The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ব will sometimes be transliterated as "bo" instead of "ba". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /bo/. Like all Indic consonants, ব can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ব with vowel marks
ba bi bu br br̄ be bai bo bau b
বা বি বী বু বূ বৃ বৄ বে বৈ বো বৌ ব্

ব in Bengali-using languages

edit

ব is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with head ব

edit

Bengali ব exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures. When used in a non-head position in a conjunct, ব is normally not pronounced, but often geminates (doubles) the preceding consonant.[5]

  • ব্ (b) + ব (ba) gives the ligature bba:

 

  • ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:

 

  • ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:

 

  • ব্ (b) + ল (la) gives the ligature bla:

 

  • ব্ (b) + র (ra) gives the ligature bra, with the ra phala suffix:

 

  • ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature bya, with the ya phala suffix:

 

  • র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

 

Gujarati Ba

edit
 
Gujarati Ba.

Ba () is the twenty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ba   with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter  .

Gujarati-using Languages

edit

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, બ is pronounced as [bə] or [b] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ba Bi Bu Br Bl Br̄ Bl̄ Be Bai Bo Bau B
 
Gujarati Ba syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with બ

edit
 
Half form of Ba.

Gujarati બ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:

 

  • બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:

 

  • દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:

 

  • બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:

 

Javanese Ba

edit

Telugu Ba

edit
Telugu independent and subjoined Ba.

Ba () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  . It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, బ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ba

edit
 
Malayalam letter Ba

Ba () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Grantha letter   Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

 
Malayalam Ba matras: Ba, Bā, Bi, Bī, Bu, Bū, Br̥, Br̥̄, Bl̥, Bl̥̄, Be, Bē, Bai, Bo, Bō, Bau, and B.

Conjuncts of ബ

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:

 

  • ബ് (b) + ബ (ba) gives the ligature bba:

 

Odia Ba

edit
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ba.

Ba () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ba with vowel matras
Ba Bi Bu Br̥ Br̥̄ Bl̥ Bl̥̄ Be Bai Bo Bau B
ବା ବି ବୀ ବୁ ବୂ ବୃ ବୄ ବୢ ବୣ ବେ ବୈ ବୋ ବୌ ବ୍

Conjuncts of ବ

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ba is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ba Phala" or "Wa Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ବ୍ (b) + ବ (ba) gives the ligature bba:

 

Odia Wa and Va

edit
Odia independent letters Wa and Va.

Wa () and Va () are consonants of the Odia abugida that are largely unified with ବ. ବ is used to represent all three sounds /b/, /w/ and /v/ in different context, while ୱ is only pronounced as /w/. ଵ is an alternate to ୱ with less widespread usage, but all three letters share the same subjoined form.

Odia Wa with vowel matras
Wa Wi Wu Wr̥ Wr̥̄ Wl̥ Wl̥̄ We Wai Wo Wau W
ୱା ୱି ୱୀ ୱୁ ୱୂ ୱୃ ୱୄ ୱୢ ୱୣ ୱେ ୱୈ ୱୋ ୱୌ ୱ୍
Odia Va with vowel matras
Va Vi Vu Vr̥ Vr̥̄ Vl̥ Vl̥̄ Ve Vai Vo Vau V
ଵା ଵି ଵୀ ଵୁ ଵୂ ଵୃ ଵୄ ଵୢ ଵୣ ଵେ ଵୈ ଵୋ ଵୌ ଵ୍

Kaithi Ba

edit
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ba.

Ba (𑂥) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter  , via the Siddhaṃ letter   Ba. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ba with vowel matras
Ba Bi Bu Be Bai Bo Bau B
𑂥 𑂥𑂰 𑂥𑂱 𑂥𑂲 𑂥𑂳 𑂥𑂴 𑂥𑂵 𑂥𑂶 𑂥𑂷 𑂥𑂸 𑂥𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂥

edit

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂥୍ (b) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature bra:

 

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:

 

Comparison of Ba

edit

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ba, are related as well.

Comparison of Ba in different scripts
Aramaic
 
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨦
Ashoka Brahmi
 
Kushana Brahmi[a]
 
Tocharian[b]
 
Gupta Brahmi
 
Pallava
 
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰤
Siddhaṃ
 
Grantha
𑌬
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
 
Newa
𑐧
Ahom
𑜈
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
 
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤢
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩲
Khmer
Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄝 / 𑅇
Tai Tham
ᨻ / ᨼ
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
พ / ฟ
Lao
ພ / ຟ
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑲀
Tirhuta
𑒥
New Tai Lue
ᦗ / ᦝ
Tai Viet
ꪚ / ꪛ
Aksara Kawi
 
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆧
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨠
Bengali-Assamese
 
Takri
𑚠
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻤
Hangul[e]
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠠
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘤
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈡
Khudabadi
𑋔
Mahajani
𑅪
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
 
Nandinagari
𑧄
Kaithi
 
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊝
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩲
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑵮
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴢
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ba

edit

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ba in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ba from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview    
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER BA BENGALI LETTER BA TELUGU LETTER BA ORIYA LETTER BA KANNADA LETTER BA MALAYALAM LETTER BA GUJARATI LETTER BA GURMUKHI LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2348 U+092C 2476 U+09AC 3116 U+0C2C 2860 U+0B2C 3244 U+0CAC 3372 U+0D2C 2732 U+0AAC 2604 U+0A2C
UTF-8 224 164 172 E0 A4 AC 224 166 172 E0 A6 AC 224 176 172 E0 B0 AC 224 172 172 E0 AC AC 224 178 172 E0 B2 AC 224 180 172 E0 B4 AC 224 170 172 E0 AA AC 224 168 172 E0 A8 AC
Numeric character reference ब ब ব ব బ బ ବ ବ ಬ ಬ ബ ബ બ બ ਬ ਬ
ISCII 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA 202 CA


Character information
Preview
Ashoka 
Kushana 
Gupta 
𐨦   𑌬
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER BA KHAROSHTHI LETTER BA SIDDHAM LETTER BA GRANTHA LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69673 U+11029 68134 U+10A26 71076 U+115A4 70444 U+1132C
UTF-8 240 145 128 169 F0 91 80 A9 240 144 168 166 F0 90 A8 A6 240 145 150 164 F0 91 96 A4 240 145 140 172 F0 91 8C AC
UTF-16 55300 56361 D804 DC29 55298 56870 D802 DE26 55301 56740 D805 DDA4 55300 57132 D804 DF2C
Numeric character reference 𑀩 𑀩 𐨦 𐨦 𑖤 𑖤 𑌬 𑌬


Character information
Preview   𑨠 𑐧 𑰤 𑆧
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER BA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER BA PHAGS-PA LETTER BA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BA NEWA LETTER BA BHAIKSUKI LETTER BA SHARADA LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3926 U+0F56 4006 U+0FA6 43086 U+A84E 72224 U+11A20 70695 U+11427 72740 U+11C24 70055 U+111A7
UTF-8 224 189 150 E0 BD 96 224 190 166 E0 BE A6 234 161 142 EA A1 8E 240 145 168 160 F0 91 A8 A0 240 145 144 167 F0 91 90 A7 240 145 176 164 F0 91 B0 A4 240 145 134 167 F0 91 86 A7
UTF-16 3926 0F56 4006 0FA6 43086 A84E 55302 56864 D806 DE20 55301 56359 D805 DC27 55303 56356 D807 DC24 55300 56743 D804 DDA7
Numeric character reference བ བ ྦ ྦ ꡎ ꡎ 𑨠 𑨠 𑐧 𑐧 𑰤 𑰤 𑆧 𑆧


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER BA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW PA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW FA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4119 U+1017 6551 U+1997 6557 U+199D
UTF-8 225 128 151 E1 80 97 225 166 151 E1 A6 97 225 166 157 E1 A6 9D
Numeric character reference ဗ ဗ ᦗ ᦗ ᦝ ᦝ
  • See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER PO LAO LETTER PHO TAM LAO LETTER FO SUNG THAI CHARACTER PHO PHAN THAI CHARACTER FO FAN TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH BO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6038 U+1796 3742 U+0E9E 3743 U+0E9F 3614 U+0E1E 3615 U+0E1F 43674 U+AA9A 43675 U+AA9B
UTF-8 225 158 150 E1 9E 96 224 186 158 E0 BA 9E 224 186 159 E0 BA 9F 224 184 158 E0 B8 9E 224 184 159 E0 B8 9F 234 170 154 EA AA 9A 234 170 155 EA AA 9B
Numeric character reference ព ព ພ ພ ຟ ຟ พ พ ฟ ฟ ꪚ ꪚ ꪛ ꪛ


Character information
Preview 𑄝 𑅇 𑜈 𑤢
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA BAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER BA CHAKMA LETTER BAA CHAKMA LETTER VAA AHOM LETTER BA DIVES AKURU LETTER BA SAURASHTRA LETTER BA CHAM LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3510 U+0DB6 43289 U+A919 69917 U+1111D 69959 U+11147 71432 U+11708 71970 U+11922 43176 U+A8A8 43549 U+AA1D
UTF-8 224 182 182 E0 B6 B6 234 164 153 EA A4 99 240 145 132 157 F0 91 84 9D 240 145 133 135 F0 91 85 87 240 145 156 136 F0 91 9C 88 240 145 164 162 F0 91 A4 A2 234 162 168 EA A2 A8 234 168 157 EA A8 9D
UTF-16 3510 0DB6 43289 A919 55300 56605 D804 DD1D 55300 56647 D804 DD47 55301 57096 D805 DF08 55302 56610 D806 DD22 43176 A8A8 43549 AA1D
Numeric character reference බ බ ꤙ ꤙ 𑄝 𑄝 𑅇 𑅇 𑜈 𑜈 𑤢 𑤢 ꢨ ꢨ ꨝ ꨝ


Character information
Preview 𑘤 𑧄 𑩲 𑵮  
Unicode name MODI LETTER BA NANDINAGARI LETTER BA SOYOMBO LETTER BA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER BO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BA KAITHI LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71204 U+11624 72132 U+119C4 72306 U+11A72 43035 U+A81B 73070 U+11D6E 69797 U+110A5
UTF-8 240 145 152 164 F0 91 98 A4 240 145 167 132 F0 91 A7 84 240 145 169 178 F0 91 A9 B2 234 160 155 EA A0 9B 240 145 181 174 F0 91 B5 AE 240 145 130 165 F0 91 82 A5
UTF-16 55301 56868 D805 DE24 55302 56772 D806 DDC4 55302 56946 D806 DE72 43035 A81B 55303 56686 D807 DD6E 55300 56485 D804 DCA5
Numeric character reference 𑘤 𑘤 𑧄 𑧄 𑩲 𑩲 ꠛ ꠛ 𑵮 𑵮 𑂥 𑂥


Character information
Preview 𑒥 𑲀
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER BA LEPCHA LETTER BA LIMBU LETTER BA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER BA MARCHEN LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70821 U+114A5 7187 U+1C13 6418 U+1912 43989 U+ABD5 72832 U+11C80
UTF-8 240 145 146 165 F0 91 92 A5 225 176 147 E1 B0 93 225 164 146 E1 A4 92 234 175 149 EA AF 95 240 145 178 128 F0 91 B2 80
UTF-16 55301 56485 D805 DCA5 7187 1C13 6418 1912 43989 ABD5 55303 56448 D807 DC80
Numeric character reference 𑒥 𑒥 ᰓ ᰓ ᤒ ᤒ ꯕ ꯕ 𑲀 𑲀


Character information
Preview 𑚠 𑠠 𑈡 𑋔 𑅪 𑊝
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER BA DOGRA LETTER BA KHOJKI LETTER BA KHUDAWADI LETTER BA MAHAJANI LETTER BA MULTANI LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71328 U+116A0 71712 U+11820 70177 U+11221 70356 U+112D4 69994 U+1116A 70301 U+1129D
UTF-8 240 145 154 160 F0 91 9A A0 240 145 160 160 F0 91 A0 A0 240 145 136 161 F0 91 88 A1 240 145 139 148 F0 91 8B 94 240 145 133 170 F0 91 85 AA 240 145 138 157 F0 91 8A 9D
UTF-16 55301 56992 D805 DEA0 55302 56352 D806 DC20 55300 56865 D804 DE21 55300 57044 D804 DED4 55300 56682 D804 DD6A 55300 56989 D804 DE9D
Numeric character reference 𑚠 𑚠 𑠠 𑠠 𑈡 𑈡 𑋔 𑋔 𑅪 𑅪 𑊝 𑊝


Character information
Preview 𑻤
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER BA BATAK LETTER BA BUGINESE LETTER BA JAVANESE LETTER BA MAKASAR LETTER BA REJANG LETTER BA SUNDANESE LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6953 U+1B29 7109 U+1BC5 6661 U+1A05 43431 U+A9A7 73444 U+11EE4 43319 U+A937 7064 U+1B98
UTF-8 225 172 169 E1 AC A9 225 175 133 E1 AF 85 225 168 133 E1 A8 85 234 166 167 EA A6 A7 240 145 187 164 F0 91 BB A4 234 164 183 EA A4 B7 225 174 152 E1 AE 98
UTF-16 6953 1B29 7109 1BC5 6661 1A05 43431 A9A7 55303 57060 D807 DEE4 43319 A937 7064 1B98
Numeric character reference ᬩ ᬩ ᯅ ᯅ ᨅ ᨅ ꦧ ꦧ 𑻤 𑻤 ꤷ ꤷ ᮘ ᮘ


Character information
Preview 𑴢
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER BA TAGBANWA LETTER BA BUHID LETTER BA HANUNOO LETTER BA MASARAM GONDI LETTER BA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5898 U+170A 5994 U+176A 5962 U+174A 5930 U+172A 72994 U+11D22
UTF-8 225 156 138 E1 9C 8A 225 157 170 E1 9D AA 225 157 138 E1 9D 8A 225 156 170 E1 9C AA 240 145 180 162 F0 91 B4 A2
UTF-16 5898 170A 5994 176A 5962 174A 5930 172A 55303 56610 D807 DD22
Numeric character reference ᜊ ᜊ ᝪ ᝪ ᝊ ᝊ ᜪ ᜪ 𑴢 𑴢



Character information
Preview
Unicode name TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LOW PA TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6715 U+1A3B 6747 U+1A5B 6746 U+1A5A 6716 U+1A3C
UTF-8 225 168 187 E1 A8 BB 225 169 155 E1 A9 9B 225 169 154 E1 A9 9A 225 168 188 E1 A8 BC
Numeric character reference ᨻ ᨻ ᩛ ᩛ ᩚ ᩚ ᨼ ᨼ

References

edit
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".