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Azerbaijani dialects reflect relatively minor language differences and are mutually intelligible.[1] The Azerbaijani language has two distinct sublanguages: Northern[2] and Southern.[3]
Southern Azerbaijani contains many Arabic and Persian words that are not familiar to northern speakers. This began to increase in 1828.[4]
Dialect groups
editThe main dialect groups are Eastern (Derbent, Baku, Shamakhi, Mugan and Lankaran dialects), Western (Qazakh, Karabakh, Ganja and Ayrum dialects), Northern (Nukha, Zaqatala - Qakh dialects) and Southern (Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Ordubad and Tabriz dialects). The dialects are mutually intelligible but differ with regard to accent, syntax, and vocabulary. Eastern and northern groups of dialects were influenced by the Kypchak language.[5][6]
The dialects can be distinguished by geographical location such as Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Dagestan and Georgia. Afshar, Qashqai, Aynallu, Bayat, Shahsven, Qajar and Turkman dialects stem from these areas. Others are Tabriz, Urmia, Khoy, Kushchinskiy (central Ostan), Maraga, Merende, Uryantepin, Turkmenchay, Ardabil, Sarabian, Mian, Galugiha (Mazandaran), Lotfabad and Dergez (Khorasan- Rizaui) dialects.[citation needed]
According to Encyclopedia Iranica:[7]
We may distinguish the following Azeri dialects: (1) eastern group: Derbent (Darband), Kuba, Shemakha (Šamāḵī), Baku, Salyani (Salyānī), and Lenkoran (Lankarān), (2) western group: Kazakh (not to be confounded with the Kipchak-Turkic language of the same name), the dialect of the Ayrïm (Āyrom) tribe (which, however, resembles Turkish), and the dialect spoken in the region of the Borchala river; (3) northern group: Zakataly, Nukha, and Kutkashen; (4) southern group: Yerevan (Īravān), Nakhichevan (Naḵjavān), and Ordubad (Ordūbād); (5) central group: Ganja (Kirovabad) and Shusha; (6) North Iraqi dialects; (7) Northwest Iranian dialects: Tabrīz, Reżāʾīya (Urmia), etc., extended east to about Qazvīn; (8) Southeast Caspian dialect (Galūgāh). Optionally, we may adjoin as Azeri (or “Azeroid”) dialects: (9) East Anatolian, (10) Qašqāʾī, (11) Aynallū, (12) Sonqorī, (13) dialects south of Qom, (14) Kabul Afšārī.
According to Ethnologue, North Azerbaijani has the following regional dialects, each of which is slightly different from the other: "Quba, Derbend, Baku, Shamakhi, Salyan, Lenkaran, Qazakh, Airym, Borcala, Terekeme, Qyzylbash, Nukha, Zaqatala (Mugaly), Qabala, Nakhchivan, Ordubad, Ganja, Shusha (Karabakh), Karapapak, Kutkashen, Kuba".[8] While South Azerbaijani has the following dialects: "Aynallu (Inallu, Inanlu), Karapapakh, Tabriz, Afshari (Afsar, Afshar), Shahsavani (Shahseven), Moqaddam, Baharlu (Kamesh), Nafar, Qaragozlu, Pishagchi, Bayat, Qajar".[9]
According to the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, there are four main dialects of Azeri: 1) Baku-Shirvan, 2) Ganja-Karabakh, 3) Tabriz, and 4) Urmia.[10]
Dialectal features
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According to "A grammar of Iranian Azari" by Yavar Dehghani, dialects of South Azerbaijani in Iran are as follows: 1) Urmia, 2) Tabriz, 3) Ardabil, and 4) Zanjan. Each one of these has a set of unique features that distinguishes it.[11]
Urmia dialect
editThe Urmia dialect stands out primarily by means of the fact that it, unlike the other dialects, does not have labial harmony applied to any suffix. As a result, every suffix has only two forms, one harmonized for back vowels and one for front vowels.[11]
| Suffix type | Urmia dialect | Standard Azerbaijani | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| back | front | back rounded | back unrounded | front rounded | front unrounded | |
| Suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns | [-lɯx] | [-liç] | [-lux] | [-lɯx] | [-lyc] | [-lic] |
| Suffix forming adjectives from nouns | [-lu] | [-ly] | [-lu] | [-lɯ] | [-ly] | [-li] |
| Privative suffix | [-sɯz] | [-siz] | [-suz] | [-sɯz] | [-syz] | [-siz] |
| Suffix forming third-person singular imperative | [-sun] | [-syn] | [-sun] | [-sɯn] | [-syn] | [-sin] |
Tabriz dialect
editThe Tabriz dialect is the most-spoken dialect of Azerbaijani in Iran.[11] A feature distinguishing it from standard Azerbaijani is the further fronting of palatal stops and postalveolar affricates. The voiceless postalveolar affricate and voiced postalveolar affricate are fronted to the voiceless alveolar affricate and voiced alveolar affricate, while the voiceless palatal plosive and voiced palatal plosive are fronted to the voiceless postalveolar affricate and voiced postalveolar affricate.[12]
| Standard Azerbaijani | Tabriz dialect |
|---|---|
| [tʃ] | [ts] |
| [dʒ] | [dz] |
| [c] | [tʃ] |
| [ɟ] | [dʒ] |
Another one of the ways it differs from standard Azerbaijani is the only partial observance of vowel harmony. One aspect of this is that the final vowel of a word does not need to harmonize with the preceding syllables in regards to either roundness or backness.[12]
| Meaning | Tabriz dialect | Standard Azerbaijani |
|---|---|---|
| 'flock' | [syɾi] | [syɾy] |
| 'fox' | [tyltʃi] | [tylcy] |
| 'true' | [doɣɾi] | [doɣɾu] |
| 'lamb' | [ɡuzi] | [ɡuzu] |
Additionally, various suffixes simply ignore harmony altogether, always having a back vowel. Among others, the standard Azerbaijani infinitive suffix [-mæc, -mɑx] is always [-mɑx], the future suffix [-ædʒæc, -ɑdʒɑx] is always [-ɑdzɑx], the first person plural imperative suffix [-æc, -ɑx] is always [-ɑx], the comparative suffix [-ɾæc, -ɾɑx] is always [-ɾɑx], the participle-deriving suffix [-ic, -yc, -ɯx, -ux] is always [-ux], and the abstract noun deriving suffix [-lic, -lyc, -lɯx, -lux] is always [-lɯx].[12] This lack of vowel harmony is similar to that of Uzbek.
Ardabil dialect
editThe Ardabil dialect generally applies both labial and backness harmony to suffixes, but has a few exceptions to them as well, particularly the suffixes for the past tense, possessive aspect, and continuous aspect. While the possessive aspect and past tense suffixes have no labial harmonization, the continuous aspect suffix [-ej] (equivalent to standard Azerbaijani [-iɾ, -ɯɾ, -yɾ, -uɾ]) has no harmonization of any kind. Suffixes following it ignore it and harmonize with the stem.[11]
| Meaning | Ardabil dialect | Standard Azerbaijani |
|---|---|---|
| 'I throw' | [ɑtejɑm] | [ɑtɯɾɑm] |
| 'I arrange' | [ɡoʃejɑm] | [ɡoʃuɾɑm] |
| 'I come' | [dʒælejæm] | [ɟæliɾæm] |
| 'I wait' | [dœzejæm] | [dœzyɾæm] |
Zanjan dialect
editIn the Zanjan dialect, the second person singular suffix is [-æn, -ɑn] (as opposed to standard Azerbaijani [-sæn, -sɑn]) and the second person plural suffix is [-iz, -ɯz, -yz, -uz] (as opposed to standard Azerbaijani [-siz, -sɯz, -syz, -suz]).[11]
| Meaning | Zanjan dialect | Standard Azerbaijani |
|---|---|---|
| 'You (singular) see' | [bɑxɯɾɑn] | [bɑxɯɾsɑn] |
| 'You (plural) see' | [bɑxɯɾɯz] | [bɑxɯɾsɯz] |
Publications
editThe first comparative analysis of the Turkic (Azerbaijani) dialects was carried out by Mirza Kazimbey in his 1839 book The General Grammar of the Turkish – Tatar Language.[13]
During 1924 - 1930, Soviet researchers collected some 60 thousand dialect words. The program was prepared to compile a comprehensive dictionary. N.I. Ashari led this program. The Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR published a one-volume dictionary named Dialectological Dictionary of the Azerbaijani Language in 1964, which covered more than six thousand words.
At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the Dictionary of the Dialects of the Azerbaijani language was published. The dictionary contained samples from Zangibasar, Sharur, Yardimli, Tebriz, Gubadli, Lachin, Kalbacar, Balakan, Qakh and Zagatala.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Azerbaijan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ "Azerbaijani, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ "Azerbaijani, South". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ Bruno De Nicola; Yonatan Mendel and Husain Qutbuddin (November 2010). Reflections on Knowledge and Language in Middle Eastern Societies. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443824309.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Library, International and Area Studies. "LibGuides: Resources for the study of the Azerbaijani language: Dictionaries and Grammar". guides.library.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ "Azerbaijan:: Main page". azerbaijans.com (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- ^ Doerfer, Gerhard (1988). "AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Azerbaijani, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "Azerbaijani, South". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ * Caferoǧlu, A. (2012). "Ād̲h̲arī (Azerī)". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0017.
- ^ a b c d e f Dehghani, Yavar (2000). A grammar of Iranian Azari: including comparisons with Persian. Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 6, 11, 65, 68–71, 113–114.
- ^ a b c Səlimi, Hüseynqulu (1976). A generative phonology of Azerbaijani (PhD). University of Florida. pp. 8–9, 20. OCLC 1045615622. ARK 13960/t1tf4s495. OL 18319A.
- ^ "Presented Mirza Kazimbay's translated "General grammar of Turkic-Tatar language" book - News - Nizami Gəncəvi adına Milli Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Muzeyi". nizamimuseum.az. Retrieved 2018-06-30.