Askaukalis (Greek ἀσκαυκαλίς, Latin Ascaucalis) was a place in Central Europe mentioned by Ptolemy in Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις) and was one of 94 located on Magna Germania. The fourth map of Europe (Γερμανίας Μεγάλης θέσις, Εὐρώπης πίναξ δ´)[1][2] was identified with today's Nakło on the Noteć,[3][4][5][6] Bydgoszcz[7] or the Crumbling Castle.[8]

Magna Germania

History

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Title Page of Geography Published in 1535

Askaukalis was one of the settlements in the Gothic (Gothic-Gepid) state, known in Polish archeology as Wielbark culture. This country was founded on the territory of today's Poland in the first century CE by East Germanic tribes.[9]

About 150 A.D. A Greek mathematician and astronomer, Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria placed her on Magna Germania, the fourth map of Europe (Γερμανίας Μεγάλης θέσις, Εὐρώπης πίναξ δ´,) one of the 26 maps included in the famous Geography (Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις.) The ancient researcher himself did not participate in the cartographic measurements that was needed to create them. He owed most of the information to merchants traversing the lands that he was interested in and to military cartographers of the Roman Empire.[10]

Research

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Ptolemy, understandably, did not avoid errors resulting mainly from the need to transfer spherical reality to the map plane. He assumed that the countries between the Baltic Sea and the Danube were much narrower, which meant that places from such a distant past were extremely difficult to identify on modern maps. What's more, he was wrong in pointing out the location not only of places difficult to locate but also of such characteristic locations as, for example, Jutland or Schleswig-Holstein.

At the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation at Technische Universität Berlin, a group of scientists consisting of classical philologists, mathematicians and cartographers made an attempt to correct these errors and developed the so-called "Geodetic deformation analysis."[11] On its basis, a list of cities (poleis) from Magna Germania was created with their assumed locations in today's Germany and Poland. According to Berlin scientists, these locations also correspond to archaeological sites in which Gothic settlements and burial sites were previously discovered.[10] Also research in Bydgoszcz confirmed that in that period, due to its convenient location and easy crossing through the Brda, there was a significant development of settlements related to lively trade contacts with the Roman Empire through the Amber Road.[12][13] Askaukalis was included in the so-called group 3, in which the settlements were located. Furthermore, settlements in this group were in the place of today's cities. However, as a result of mass migrations in the late antiquity they are not their direct precursors due to the lack of settlement continuity.[14]

See also

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Bibliography

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Documents

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  • Thayer, Bill. "Ptolemy: the Geography". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  • Ptolemy (150). "Cosmography of Ptolemy's Alexandria". Polona (in Polish). Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  • "List of Most Viewed Publications & Thematic Collections". Polona (in Polish). November 23, 2006. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

Referenced works

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References

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  1. ^ Thayer, Bill (May 23, 2017). "Book II, Chapter 10: Greater Germany (Fourth Map of Europe)". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  2. ^ Thayer, Bill (June 2, 2020). "Bill Thayer's Website". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  3. ^ Pierer, Heinrich August (1857–65). "Ascaucalis". Zeno.org (in German). Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  4. ^ "Pierer's Universal Lexicon 4th Edition 1857–1865". Zeno.org (in German). Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  5. ^ Pierer, Heinrich August (1857–65). "Pierer-1857-Bd-01, page 797". Zeno.org (in German). Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  6. ^ Pierer p. 797.
  7. ^ Ptolemy (150). "Photo Gallery: Ptolemy's Geography". The Mirror - International. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  8. ^ "Askaukalis Inowrocław Archaeological Exhibition". Kujawy Culture Center (in Polish). Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  9. ^ Ostoja-Zagórski.
  10. ^ a b Schulz, Matthias (January 10, 2010). "Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code". The Mirror - International. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  11. ^ Marx, Christian; Neitzel, Frank (2007). "Deformation Analysis and Regional Adaptation of a Historical Geodata Stock" (PDF). Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Technology (in German). Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  12. ^ Wilke pp. 49-71.
  13. ^ Dygaszewicz pp. 55-62.
  14. ^ Kleineberg et al.