Arianta arbustorum, sometimes known as the copse snail, is a medium-sized species of pulmonate land snail in the family Helicidae.[3]
| Arianta arbustorum | |
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| Shell of Arianta arbustorum (syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Helicidae |
| Genus: | Arianta |
| Species: | A. arbustorum
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| Binomial name | |
| Arianta arbustorum | |
| Synonyms | |
Subspecies edit
Several subspecies are recognized by some authors:
- Arianta arbustorum alpicola Férussac, 1821
- Arianta arbustorum arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Arianta arbustorum canigonensis (Boubée, 1833)
- Arianta arbustorum picea
- Arianta arbustorum pseudorudis (Schlesch, 1924)
- Arianta arbustorum repellini (Reeve, 1852)
- Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Frauenfeld, 1868)
- Arianta arbustorum vareliensis Ripken & Falkner, 2000
Distribution edit
This species is native to Europe:
- North-western and central Europe with Alps and Carpathians[4]
- Netherlands[5]
- Austria
- Czech Republic
- Slovakia
- Poland
- Switzerland. One of the most frequent species of land snails in Switzerland, can be very abundant, up to 20 adults per square meter.[4]
- eastern Pyrenees, Spain[4]
- Norway[4]
- Iceland[4]
- Faroe Islands[6]
- the British Isles: Great Britain and Ireland[4] In Britain the species suffered slightly from intensive farming and the continuous destructions of suitable uncultivated refuges.[4] It is rare in Ireland.[4]
- Kaliningrad[4]
- Finland. In Finland, it has become so common in the Porvoo region east of Helsinki, that it is locally called the "Porvoo snail".
- Estonia[4]
- Latvia[4]
- scattered to Serbia[4]
- Bulgaria[4] It is rare in Bulgaria.[4]
- western Ukraine[4]
Arianta arbustorum is introduced to North America, but is only known from Canada, where established populations are known from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario,[7] and Prince Edward Island.[8]
This species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[9]
Description edit
The shell is usually brown with numerous pale yellowish rows of spots and usually with a brown band above the periphery, occasionally yellowish, reddish or with greenish hue, weakly striated and with fine spiral lines on the upper side.[4] The shell has 5-5.5 convex whorls with deep suture.[4] The last whorl is slightly descending near the aperture.[4] The aperture is with prominent white lip inside.[4] The apertural margin is reflected.[4] Umbilicus is entirely covered by the reflected columellar margin.[4]
The width of the shell is 18–25 mm.[4] The height of the shell is 12–22 mm.[4] Dimensions are locally variable.[4]
The shell shape is globular in most present-day populations, but originally is believed to have been depressed in the Pleistocene, before lowlands were invaded and shells became globular, re-invading mountain regions except some isolated spots among glaciers.[4]
The animal is usually black.[4]
Life cycle edit
Arianta arbustorum lives in forests and open habitats of any kind.[4] It requires humidity.[4] It lives also in disturbed habitats (not in Ireland where it is restricted to old native woodland).[4] It may locally tolerate non-calcareous substrate, in north Scotland also on sandhills.[4] In the Alps up to 2700 m, in Britain 1200 m, in Bulgaria 1500 m.[4]
It feeds on green herbs, dead animals and faeces.[4]
If snails hatched more than 50 m distant from each other, they are considered isolated since they would not move more than 25 m (neighbourhood area 32–50 m), usually they move about 7–12 m in a year, mostly along water currents.[4]
This species of snail makes and uses calcareous love darts during mating. Reproduction is usually after copulation, but self-fertilization is also possible.[4] The size of the egg is 3.2 mm.[10] Maturity is reached after 2–4 years.[4] The maximum age up to 14 years.[4]
Angiostrongylus vasorum has successfully experimentally infected this snail.[11]
Prevention edit
Metaldehyde and iron phosphate can be used to exterminate snails.[12] Since copper generates electric shocks that make it difficult for snails to move, it makes a great barrier material for them.[13]
References edit
- This article incorporates public domain text from the reference:[4]
- ^ Falkner, G.; Falkner, M.; von Proschwitz, T.; Neubert, E. (2011). "Arianta arbustorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T156468A4949797. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T156468A4949797.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
- ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1003358 on 2021-02-23
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Species summary for Arianta arbustorum. AnimalBase, last modified 25 August 2010, accessed 8 October 2010.
- ^ (in Dutch) Arianta arbustorum — Anemoon
- ^ New snail found in the Faroe Islands
- ^ McAlpine, D.F., Schueler, F.W., Maunder, J.E., Noseworthy, R.G., & Sollows, M.C. 2009. Establishment and persistence of the copse snail, Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Canada. The Nautilus 123(1):14-18.
- ^ McAlpine, D.F., & R.G. Forsyth. 2014. Occurrence of the Copse Snail, Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae) on Prince Edward Island: an addition to the North American range of a purported potential pest. Northeastern Naturalist 21(1):N5–N7.
- ^ Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited page: 428.
- ^ Conboy G. A. (30 May 2000) "Canine Angiostrongylosis (French Heartworm)". In: Bowman D. D. (Ed.) Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology. International Veterinary Information Service. Accessed 24 November 2009.
- ^ Support, Extension Web (25 February 2008). "Less toxic iron phosphate slug bait proves effective". Extension Communications. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ Smith, Zach (4 May 2021). "How to Get Rid of Snails In Your House and Garden [2023]". Smith's Pest Management. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- Kerney, M.P., Cameron, R.A.D. & Jungbluth, J-H. (1983). Die Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Biologen und Naturfreunde, 384 pp., 24 plates. [Summer or later]. Hamburg / Berlin (Paul Parey).
- Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017
- Sysoev, A. V. & Schileyko, A. A. (2009). Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. Sofia/Moskva (Pensoft). 312 pp., 142 plates.
External links edit
- Arianta arbustorum at Animalbase taxonomy,short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
- Arianta arbustorum images at Encyclopedia of Life
- Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae
- Pennant, T. (1777). British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. London. i-viii, 1-154, Plates 1-93
Studies edit
- Baur, Anette; Baur, Bruno (2005) Interpopulation variation in the prevalence and intensity of parasitic mite infection in the land snail Arianta arbustorum ; Invertebrate Biology, Vol. 124 Issue 3, p194-201. 8p. 3 Charts. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00019.x.
- Baur, Bruno & Locher Rolf (1998) Sperm allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Animal Behaviour. Oct98, Vol. 56 Issue 4, p839. 7p.
- Baur, Bruno (1986) Patterns of dispersion, density and dispersal in alpine populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Helicidae). Holarctic Ecology. Mai 1986, Vol. 9 Issue 2, p117-125. 9p
- Haase Martin, Esch Susanne & Misof Bernhard (2013) Local adaptation, refugial isolation and secondary contact of Alpine populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 2013, Vol. 79 Issue 3, p241-248. 8p.
- Haase M & Bisenberger A (2003) Allozymic differentiation in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Stylommatophora, Helicidae): historical inferences ; Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research. Aout 2003, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p175-185. 11p. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00208.x.
- Kleeweint Doris (1999), Population size, density, spatial distribution and dispersal in an Austrian population of the land snail Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Gastropoda: Helicidae) ; Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 1999, Vol. 65 Issue 3, p303-315. 13p. 3
- Haase M & Misof B (2009), Dynamic gastropods: stable shell polymorphism despite gene flow in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Dynamische Schnecken: stabiler Schalenpolymorphismus trotz Genflusses in der Landschnecke Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research. Mai 2009, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p105-114. 10p. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00488.x
- Minoretti, Nicole; Stoll, Peter; Baur, Bruno (2013) Heritability of sperm length and adult shell size in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 2013, Vol. 79 Issue 3, p218-224. 7p.
- Schüpbach, Hans U.; Baur, Bruno (2008), Parasitic mites influence fitness components of their host, the land snail Arianta arbustorum.. Invertebrate Biology, Vol. 127 Issue 3, p350-356. 7p. 1 Chart, 2 Graphs. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2008.00138.x.