The Arabs in Malta (Maltese: Għarab f'Malta) are, today, mostly expatriates from a range of Arab countries, particularly Libya and Syria. However, the history of Arabs in Malta goes back to 869 AD when Ahmad ibn Umar, the emir of Crete, ruled Malta for a short period of time before he was expelled. A year later, a larger Arab army under Muhammed ibn Hafagab, the Arab governor of Sicily, ruled the islands.[1] The Arabs ruled Malta until the 11th century when they were defeated by the Normans.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 5,000+ | |
| Languages | |
| Arabic and Maltese | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Arab people, Arab diaspora, Arab Americans, Arab Argentine, Arab Brazilian, Arab Canadians, Arab Mexican |
History
editArab conquest of Malta
editMalta remained under the control of the Byzantine Empire until 870, when it was conquered by the Arabs during the Arab–Byzantine wars.[2][3] The Greek population was exterminated or sold into slavery.[4] Malta was under control of the Aghlabid dynasty in both Tunisia and the emirate of Sicily.[5][6] After the defeat of the Byzantines, however, Malta was left as an unsettled ruin by the Arabs for approximately 180 years, according to the records of the Arab chronicler Al-Himyarī, although this account has been disputed by recent historians.[7] At least two other chronicles, by Muhammad al-Idrisi and Al Hawqal, describe life in Malta, but with little discussion of objects of daily life such as food or domestic buildings; Al-Himyarī states that Malta remained a ruin (hirba) and was only visited by "foreign shipbuilders, fishermen, and honey collectors".[6] Despite this, Al-Himyarī's account indicates that the Arabs had rebuilt enough of Malta's infrastructure to both have a presence and to defend themselves from attack; the Arabs repelled a Byzantine attempt to reclaim Malta in 1053 by making promises to their slave armies, who vastly outnumbered them, in exchange for fighting the Byzantines.[6][7]
However, other than place names, headstones, and the linguistic influence of Arabic on Maltese, the evidence left for over two centuries of Arab rule is sparse.[8] Two significant developments that occurred under Arab rule were the introductions of citrus fruits and cotton.[9] Arabs did not impose Islam on the local population, but did require an additional tribute to be paid among those who did not convert.[8] Despite insistence from early historians about the unbroken Christian continuity of Malta, scholars are now largely in agreement that Christianity effectively vanished from Malta while under Arab rule, suggesting that the local population was deported and replaced with Arabic speakers.[1]
Norman conquest
editArab control of Malta eventually ended in 1091 after the conquest of the Normans by Roger Guiscard, later known as Roger I of Sicily.[10] Although Roger first attacked Sicily in 1061, which sparked three decades of bloody warfare, he was able to seize Malta in a ruse without bloodshed.[11] While Arabs were permitted to leave with the property they could take with them, Roger and his son, Roger II of Sicily, permitted Arab Muslims and Jews to worship freely.[10] Moreover, Guiscard allowed Muslim subjects to remain under the rule of the now defeated emir, provided they paid an additional tax to the new Sicilian ruler.[12] Even under the rule of Roger II, Muslim baptisms continued in Malta
There is evidence that Arabs stayed in Malta until 1122; that year, some Arabs refused to pay their annual tribute and plotted to massacre the local Maltese a first step in regaining control over the islands.[11] The plot was ultimately discovered, with the details being relayed back to the Sicily. Many of its leaders were caught and executed and a great number of Arabs left Malta again.[11]
Arabic in Malta
editThe greatest and most enduring influence of Arabs in Malta was the development of the Maltese language, derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic. The Maltese language is a Latinised variety of spoken historical Arabic through its descent from Siculo-Arabic, which developed as a Maghrebi Arabic dialect in the Emirate of Sicily between 831 and 1091.[13]
Contact between the Maltese language and Arabic continued for centuries after the Norman conquest brought an end to Arab rule. In the 1600s, Maghrebi Arabic was still widely spoke in Malta alongside Maltese, as many of the hundreds of enslaved people, both on the islands and in the waters around Malta, had been enslaved from Northern Africa.[14] Given the prolonged contact, Maltese has developed many morphological, syntactic, and lexical similarities to Maghrebi Arabic.[14] Maltese is today the only Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet.[12]
Present day
editMuch like the situation in other European countries, the Arab community in Malta faces discrimination and anti-Arab racism.[15]
Notable people
edit- Rachid Chouhal (born 1975), athlete – born in Morocco
- Carlo Gimach (1651–1730), architect, engineer and poet – descendant of a Palestinian Catholic refugee
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Smith, Andrea Lynn (1998). The colonial in postcolonial Europe: The social memory of Maltese-origin pieds-noirs (Thesis). University of Arizona. OCLC 456697729.
- ^ "Malta". Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ Troll, Christian W.; Hewer, C.T.R. (12 September 2012). "Journeying toward God". Christian Lives Given to the Study of Islam. Fordham University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-8232-4319-8.
- ^ Kerdu, Pierre Marie Louis de Boisgelin de (1805). Ancient and modern Malta, as also, the history of the knights of St. John of Jerusalem. p. 11.
- ^ Luttrell 2017, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Said-Zammit, George A. (2016-08-15). The Development of Domestic Space in the Maltese Islands from the Late Middle Ages to the Second Half of the Twentieth Century. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. pp. 9, 18, 19. ISBN 978-1-78491-392-2.
- ^ a b Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1034. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
- ^ a b Rudolf 2018, p. 7.
- ^ Rudolf 2018, p. 254.
- ^ a b Rudolf 2018, p. 26.
- ^ a b c Rudolf 2018, p. 207.
- ^ a b Rudolf 2018, p. 99.
- ^ "So who are the 'real' Maltese". Times of Malta. September 13, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12.
The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people.
- ^ a b Agius, Dionysius A.; Mallett, Alexander; Rider, Catherine (2022-06-27). Magic in Malta: Sellem bin al-Sheikh Mansur and the Roman Inquisition, 1605. BRILL. p. 329. ISBN 978-90-04-49894-5.
- ^ Buhagiar, Luke J.; Sammut, Gordon (November 2023). "Minority arguments on integration: Arabs in the Southern European state of Malta". Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 33 (6): 1381–1397. doi:10.1002/casp.2741. ISSN 1052-9284.
Bibliography
edit- Luttrell, Anthony (2017-09-29). The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-78543-3.
- Rudolf, Uwe Jens (2018-11-10). Historical Dictionary of Malta. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1918-1.
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