Arabic script in Unicode

Many scripts in Unicode, such as Arabic, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. In English, the common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters e and t (spelling et, Latin for and) were combined.[1] The rules governing ligature formation in Arabic can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as the Arabic Calligraphic Engine by Thomas Milo's DecoType.[2]

As of Unicode 16.0, the Arabic script is contained in the following blocks:[3]

The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-B and Arabic Extended-A ranges encode additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The presentation forms are present only for compatibility with older standards, and are not currently needed for coding text.[4] The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions. The Indic Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script that was used for accounting in India under the Mughal Empire by the 17th century through the middle of the 20th century.[5][6] The Ottoman Siyaq Numbers block contains a specialized subset of Arabic script, also known as Siyakat numbers, used for accounting in Ottoman Turkish documents.[6]

Contextual forms

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Below is a demonstration for the basic alphabet used in Modern Standard Arabic illustrating how Arabic letters are expected to appear in different contexts. Codepoints listed as contextual forms should "should not be used in general interchange"[4]. Unicode has other methods of encoding the difference if necessary, such as Zero-width joiner.

General
Unicode
Contextual forms Name
Isolated Final (End) Medial (Middle) Initial (Beginning)
0627
ا
FE8D
FE8E
ʾalif
0628
ب
FE8F
FE90
FE92
FE91
bāʾ
062A
ت
FE95
FE96
FE98
FE97
tāʾ
062B
ث
FE99
FE9A
FE9C
FE9B
ṯāʾ
062C
ج
FE9D
FE9E
FEA0
FE9F
ǧīm
062D
ح
FEA1
FEA2
FEA4
FEA3
ḥāʾ
062E
خ
FEA5
FEA6
FEA8
FEA7
ḫāʾ
062F
د
FEA9
FEAA
dāl
0630
ذ
FEAB
FEAC
ḏāl
0631
ر
FEAD
FEAE
rāʾ
0632
ز
FEAF
FEB0
zayn/zāy
0633
س
FEB1
FEB2
FEB4
FEB3
sīn
0634
ش
FEB5
FEB6
FEB8
FEB7
šīn
0635
ص
FEB9
FEBA
FEBC
FEBB
ṣād
0636
ض
FEBD
FEBE
FEC0
FEBF
ﺿ
ḍād
0637
ط
FEC1
FEC2
FEC4
FEC3
ṭāʾ
0638
ظ
FEC5
FEC6
FEC8
FEC7
ẓāʾ
0639
ع
FEC9
FECA
FECC
FECB
ʿayn
063A
غ
FECD
FECE
FED0
FECF
ġayn
0641
ف
FED1
FED2
FED4
FED3
fāʾ
0642
ق
FED5
FED6
FED8
FED7
qāf
0643
ك
FED9
FEDA
FEDC
FEDB
kāf
0644
ل
FEDD
FEDE
FEE0
FEDF
lām
0645
م
FEE1
FEE2
FEE4
FEE3
mīm
0646
ن
FEE5
FEE6
FEE8
FEE7
nūn
0647
ه
FEE9
FEEA
FEEC
FEEB
hāʾ
0648
و
FEED
FEEE
wāw
064A
ي
FEF1
FEF2
FEF4
FEF3
yāʾ
0622
آ
FE81
FE82
ʾalif maddah
0629
ة
FE93
FE94
Tāʾ marbūṭah
0649
ى
FEEF
FEF0
ʾalif maqṣūrah

Punctuation and ornaments

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Only the Arabic question mark ⟨؟⟩ and the Arabic comma ⟨،⟩ are used in regular Arabic script typing and the comma is often substituted for the Latin script comma ⟨,⟩ which is also used as the decimal separator when the Eastern Arabic numerals are used (e.g. ⟨100.6⟩ compared to ⟨١٠٠,٦⟩).

  • U+060C ، ARABIC COMMA
  • U+060D ؍ ARABIC DATE SEPARATOR
  • U+060E ؎ ARABIC POETIC VERSE SIGN
  • U+060F ؏ ARABIC SIGN MISRA
  • U+061B ؛ ARABIC SEMICOLON
  • U+061E ؞ ARABIC TRIPLE DOT PUNCTUATION MARK
  • U+061F ؟ ARABIC QUESTION MARK
  • U+066D ٭ ARABIC FIVE POINTED STAR
  • U+06D4 ۔ ARABIC FULL STOP
  • U+06DD ۝ ARABIC END OF AYAH
  • U+06DE ۞ ARABIC START OF RUB EL HIZB
  • U+06E9 ۩ ARABIC PLACE OF SAJDAH
  • U+06FD ۽ ARABIC SIGN SINDHI AMPERSAND
  • U+FD3E Arabic ornate left parenthesis
  • U+FD3F ﴿ Arabic ornate right parenthesis

Word ligatures

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Arabic Presentation Forms-A has a few characters defined as "word ligatures" for terms frequently used in formulaic expressions in Arabic. They are rarely used out of professional liturgical typing, also the Rial grapheme is normally written fully, not by the ligature.

  • U+FDF0 ARABIC LIGATURE SALLA USED AS KORANIC STOP SIGN ISOLATED FORM (صلى, stylized as صلے)
  • U+FDF1 ARABIC LIGATURE QALA USED AS KORANIC STOP SIGN ISOLATED FORM (قلى, stylized as قلے)
  • U+FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM (اللّٰه)
  • U+FDF3 ARABIC LIGATURE AKBAR ISOLATED FORM (اكبر), as in the phrase الله اكبر Allāhu akbar
  • U+FDF4 ARABIC LIGATURE MOHAMMAD ISOLATED FORM (محمد)
  • U+FDF5 ARABIC LIGATURE SALAM ISOLATED FORM (صلعم, the abbreviation for صلى الله عليه وسلم "peace be upon him")
  • U+FDF6 ARABIC LIGATURE RASOUL ISOLATED FORM (رسول)
  • U+FDF7 ARABIC LIGATURE ALAYHE ISOLATED FORM (عليه)
  • U+FDF8 ARABIC LIGATURE WASALLAM ISOLATED FORM (وسلم)
  • U+FDF9 ARABIC LIGATURE SALLA ISOLATED FORM (صلى)
  • U+FDFA ARABIC LIGATURE SALLALLAHOU ALAYHE WASALLAM (صلى الله عليه وسلم "peace be upon him")
  • U+FDFB ARABIC LIGATURE JALLAJALALOUHOU (جل جلاله)
  • U+FDFC RIAL SIGN (ريال)
  • U+FDFD ARABIC LIGATURE BISMILLAH AR-RAHMAN AR-RAHEEM (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم bism-i llāh-i r-raḥmān-i r-raḥīm)

Code blocks

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Arabic

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Character table

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Code Result Unicode name
U+0600 ؀   Arabic Number Sign
U+0601 ؁   Arabic Sign Sanah
U+0602 ؂   Arabic Footnote Marker
U+0603 ؃   Arabic Sign Safha
U+0604 ؄   Arabic Sign Samvat

used for writing Samvat era dates in Urdu

U+0605 ؅   Arabic Number Mark Above

may be used with Coptic Epact numbers

U+0606 ؆   Arabic-Indic Cube Root

→ U+221B ∛ Cube Root

U+0607 ؇   Arabic-Indic Fourth Root

→ U+221C ∜ Fourth Root

U+0608 ؈   Arabic Ray
U+0609 ؉   Arabic-Indic Per Mille Sign

→ U+2030 ‰ Per Mille Sign

U+060A ؊   Arabic-Indic Per Ten Thousand Sign

→ U+2031‱ Per Ten Thousand Sign

U+060B ؋   Afghani Sign
U+060C ،   Arabic Comma

also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text

→ U+002C , Comma

→ U+2E32 ⸲ Turned Comma

→ U+2E41 ⹁ Reversed Comma

U+060D ؍   Arabic Date Separator
U+060E ؎   Arabic Poetic Verse Sign
U+060F ؏   Arabic Sign Misra
U+0610   ؐ   Arabic Sign Sallallahou Alayhe Wassallam

represents sallallahu alayhe wasallam "may God's peace and blessings be upon him"

U+0611   ؑ   Arabic Sign Alayhe Assallam

represents alayhe assalam "upon him be peace"

U+0612   ؒ   Arabic Sign Rahmatullah Alayhe

represents rahmatullah alayhe "may God have mercy upon him"

U+0613   ؓ   Arabic Sign Radi Allahou Anhu

represents radi allahu 'anhu "may God be pleased with him"

U+0614   ؔ   Arabic Sign Takhallus

sign placed over the name or nom-de-plume of a poet, or in some writings used to mark all proper names

U+0615 ؕ   Arabic Small High Tah

marks a recommended pause position in some Qurans published in Iran and Pakistan should not be confused with the small TAH sign used as a diacritic for some letters such as 0679

U+0616   ؖ   Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Lam With Yeh

early Persian

Arabic Small High Ligature Alef With Yeh Barree

U+0617 ؗ   Arabic Small High Zain
U+0618   ؘ   Arabic Small Fatha

should not be confused with 064E Fatha

U+0619   ؙ   Arabic Small Damma

should not be confused with 064F Damma

U+061A   ؚ   Arabic Small Kasra

should not be confused with 0650 Kasra

U+061B ؛   Arabic Semicolon

also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003B ; Semicolon → U+204F ⁏ Reversed Semicolon → U+2E35 ⸵ Turned Semicolon

U+061C   ؜   Arabic Letter Mark (Alm)
U+061D   ؝   Arabic End Of Text Mark
U+061E ؞   Arabic Triple Dot Punctuation Mark
U+061F ؟   Arabic Question Mark

also used with Thaana and Syriac in modern text → U+003F ? Question Mark → U+2E2E ⸮ Reversed Question Mark

U+0620 ؠ   Arabic Letter Kashmiri Yeh
U+0621 ء   Arabic Letter Hamza

→ U+02BE ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half Ring

U+0622 آ   Arabic Letter Alef With Madda Above

≡ آ U+0627 U+0653

U+0623 أ   Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Above

≡ أ U+0627 U+0654

U+0624 ؤ   Arabic Letter Waw With Hamza Above

≡ ؤ U+0648 U+0654

U+0625 إ   Arabic Letter Alef With Hamza Below

≡ إ U+0627 U+0655

U+0626 ئ   Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza Above

in Kyrgyz the hamza is consistently positioned to the top right in isolate and final forms ≡ ئ U+064A U+0654

U+0627 ا   Arabic Letter Alef
U+0628 ب   Arabic Letter Beh
U+0629 ة   Arabic Letter Teh Marbuta
U+062A ت   Arabic Letter Teh
U+062B ث   Arabic Letter Theh
U+062C ج   Arabic Letter Jeem
U+062D ح   Arabic Letter Hah
U+062E خ   Arabic Letter Khah
U+062F د   Arabic Letter Dal
U+0630 ذ   Arabic Letter Thal
U+0631 ر   Arabic Letter Reh
U+0632 ز   Arabic Letter Zain
U+0633 س   Arabic Letter Seen
U+0634 ش   Arabic Letter Sheen
U+0635 ص   Arabic Letter Sad
U+0636 ض   Arabic Letter Dad
U+0637 ط   Arabic Letter Tah
U+0638 ظ   Arabic Letter Zah
U+0639 ع   Arabic Letter Ain

→ U+01B9 ƹ Latin Small Letter Ezh Reversed → U+02BF ʿ MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING

U+063A غ   Arabic Letter Ghain
U+063B ػ   Arabic Letter Keheh With Two Dots Above
U+063C ؼ   Arabic Letter Keheh With Three Dots Below
U+063D ؽ   Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Inverted V

Azerbaijani

U+063E ؾ   Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Two Dots Above
U+063F ؿ   Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh With Three Dots Above
U+0640 ـ   Arabic Tatweel

inserted to stretch characters or to carry tashkil with no base letter also used with Adlam, Hanifi Rohingya, Mandaic, Manichaean, Psalter Pahlavi, Sogdian, and Syriac= kashida

U+0641 ف   Arabic Letter Feh
U+0642 ق   Arabic Letter Qaf
U+0643 ك   Arabic Letter Kaf
U+0644 ل   Arabic Letter Lam
U+0645 م   Arabic Letter Meem

Sindhi uses a shape with a short tail

U+0646 ن   Arabic Letter Noon
U+0647 ه   Arabic Letter Heh
U+0648 و   Arabic Letter Waw
U+0649 ى   Arabic Letter Alef Maksura

represents YEH-shaped dual-joining letter with no dots in any positional form not intended for use in combination with 0654 → U+0626 ئ Arabic Letter Yeh With Hamza Above

U+064A ي   Arabic Letter Yeh

loses its dots when used in combination with 0654 retains its dots when used in combination with other combining marks → U+08A8 ࢨ Arabic Letter Yeh With Two Dots Below And Hamza Above

U+064B   ً   Arabic Fathatan
U+064C   ٌ   Arabic Dammatan

a common alternative form is written as two intertwined dammas, one of which is turned 180 degrees

U+064D   ٍ   Arabic Kasratan
U+064E   َ   Arabic Fatha
U+064F   ُ   Arabic Damma
U+0650   ِ   Arabic Kasra
U+0651   ّ   Arabic Shadda
U+0652   ْ   Arabic Sukun

marks absence of a vowel after the base consonant used in some Qurans to mark a long vowel as ignored can have a variety of shapes, including a circular one and a shape that looks like '06E1' → U+06E1 ۡArabic Small High Dotless Head Of Khah

U+0653   ٓ   Arabic Maddah Above

used for madd jaa'iz in South Asian and Indonesian orthographies →U+089C ࢜ Arabic Madda Waajib →U+089E ࢞ Arabic Doubled Madda →U+089F ࢟ Arabic Half Madda Over Madda

U+0654   ٔ   Arabic Hamza Above

restricted to hamza and ezafe semantics is not used as a diacritic to form new letters

U+0655   ٕ   Arabic Hamza Below
U+0656   ٖ   Arabic Subscript Alef
U+0657   ٗ   Arabic Inverted Damma

Kashmiri, Urdu= ulta pesh

U+0658   ٘   Arabic Mark Noon Ghunna

Baluchi indicates nasalization in Urdu

U+0659   ٙ   Arabic Zwarakay

Pashto

U+065A   ٚ   Arabic Vowel Sign Small V Above

African languages

U+065B   ٛ   Arabic Vowel Sign Inverted Small V Above

African languages

U+065C   ٜ   Arabic Vowel Sign Dot Below

African languages also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies

U+065D   ٝ   Arabic Reversed Damma

African languages

U+065E   ٞ   Arabic Fatha With Two Dots

Kalami

U+065F   ٟ   Arabic Wavy Hamza Below

Kashmiri

U+0660 ٠   Arabic-Indic Digit Zero
U+0661 ١   Arabic-Indic Digit One
U+0662 ٢   Arabic-Indic Digit Two
U+0663 ٣   Arabic-Indic Digit Three
U+0664 ٤   Arabic-Indic Digit Four
U+0665 ٥   Arabic-Indic Digit Five
U+0666 ٦   Arabic-Indic Digit Six
U+0667 ٧   Arabic-Indic Digit Seven
U+0668 ٨   Arabic-Indic Digit Eight
U+0669 ٩   Arabic-Indic Digit Nine
U+066A ٪   Arabic Percent Sign

→ U+0025 % Percent Sign

U+066B ٫   Arabic Decimal Separator

the ordinary comma is most commonly used instead

→ U+002C , Comma

U+066C ٬   Arabic Thousands Separator

the Arabic comma is most commonly used instead

→ U+060C ، Arabic Comma

→ U+0027 ' Apostrophe

→ U+2019 ’ Right Single Quotation Mark

U+066D   ٭   Arabic Five Pointed Star

appearance rather variable

→ U+002A * Asterisk

U+066E ٮ   Arabic Letter Dotless Beh
U+066F ٯ   Arabic Letter Dotless Qaf
U+0670 ٰ   Arabic Letter Superscript Alef
U+0671 ٱ   Arabic Letter Alef Wasla

Quranic Arabic

U+0672 ٲ   Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Above

Baluchi, Kashmiri

U+0673 ٳ   Arabic Letter Alef With Wavy Hamza Below (deprecated)[7]Kashmiri

this character is deprecated and its use is strongly discouraged use the sequence 0627 065F instead

U+0674 ٴ   Arabic Letter High Hamza

Kazakh, Jawi forms digraphs

U+0675 ٵ   Arabic Letter High Hamza Alef

preferred spelling is ‏ٴا‎‏ U+0674 U+0627

U+0676 ٶ   Arabic Letter High Hamza Waw

preferred spelling is ‏ٴو‎‏ U+0674 U+0648

U+0677 ٷ   Arabic Letter U With Hamza Above

preferred spelling is ‏ٴۇ‎‏ U+0674 U+06C7

U+0678 ٸ   Arabic Letter High Hamza Yeh

preferred spelling is ‏ٴی‎‏ U+0674 06CC

U+0679 ٹ   Arabic Letter Tteh

Urdu

U+067A ٺ   Arabic Letter Tteheh

Sindhi

U+067B ٻ   Arabic Letter Beeh

Sindhi

U+067C ټ   Arabic Letter Teh With Ring

Pashto

U+067D ٽ   Arabic Letter Teh With Three Dots Above Downwards

Sindhi

U+067E پ   Arabic Letter Peh

Persian, Urdu, ...

U+067F ٿ   Arabic Letter Teheh

Sindhi

U+0680 ڀ   Arabic Letter Beheh

Sindhi

U+0681 ځ   Arabic Letter Hah With Hamza Above

Pashto, Sarikoli represents the phoneme /dz/

U+0682 ڂ   Arabic Letter Hah With Two Dots Vertical Above

not used in modern Pashto

U+0683 ڃ   Arabic Letter Nyeh

Sindhi

U+0684 ڄ   Arabic Letter Dyeh

Sindhi, historically Bosnian

U+0685 څ   Arabic Letter Hah With Three Dots Above

Pashto, Khwarazmian, Sarikoli represents the phoneme /ts/ in Pashto

U+0686 چ   Arabic Letter Tcheh

Persian, Urdu, ...

U+0687 ڇ   Arabic Letter Tcheheh

Sindhi

U+0688 ڈ   Arabic Letter Ddal

Urdu

U+0689 ډ   Arabic Letter Dal With Ring

Pashto

U+068A ڊ   Arabic Letter Dal With Dot Below

Sindhi, early Persian, Pegon, Malagasy

U+068B ڋ   Arabic Letter Dal With Dot Below And Small Tah

Lahnda

U+068C ڌ   Arabic Letter Dahal

Sindhi

U+068D ڍ   Arabic Letter Ddahal

Sindhi

U+068E ڎ   Arabic Letter Dul

older shape for DUL, now obsolete in Sindhi Burushaski

U+068F ڏ   Arabic Letter Dal With Three Dots Above Downwards

Sindhi current shape used for DUL

U+0690 ڐ   Arabic Letter Dal With Four Dots Above

Old Urdu, not in current use

U+0691 ڑ   Arabic Letter Rreh

Urdu

U+0692 ڒ   Arabic Letter Reh With Small V

Kurdish

U+0693 ړ   Arabic Letter Reh With Ring

Pashto

U+0694 ڔ   Arabic Letter Reh With Dot Below

Kurdish, early Persian

U+0695 ڕ   Arabic Letter Reh With Small V Below

Kurdish

U+0696 ږ   Arabic Letter Reh With Dot Below And Dot Above

Pashto

U+0697 ڗ   Arabic Letter Reh With Two Dots Above

Dargwa

U+0698 ژ   Arabic Letter Jeh

Persian, Urdu, ...

U+0699 ڙ   Arabic Letter Reh With Four Dots Above

Sindhi

U+069A ښ   Arabic Letter Seen With Dot Below And Dot Above

Pashto

U+069B ڛ   Arabic Letter Seen With Three Dots Below

early Persian

U+069C ڜ   Arabic Letter Seen With Three Dots Below And Three Dots Above

Moroccan Arabic

U+069D ڝ   Arabic Letter Sad With Two Dots Below

Turkic

U+069E ڞ   Arabic Letter Sad With Three Dots Above

Berber, Burushaski

U+069F ڟ   Arabic Letter Tah With Three Dots Above

Old Hausa

U+06A0 ڠ   Arabic Letter Ain With Three Dots Above

Jawi

U+06A1 ڡ   Arabic Letter Dotless Feh

Adighe

U+06A2 ڢ   Arabic Letter Feh With Dot Moved Below

Maghrib Arabic

U+06A3 ڣ   Arabic Letter Feh With Dot Below

Ingush

U+06A4 ڤ   Arabic Letter Veh

Middle Eastern Arabic for foreign words Kurdish, Khwarazmian, early Persian, Jawi

U+06A5 ڥ   Arabic Letter Feh With Three Dots Below

North African Arabic for foreign words

U+06A6 ڦ   Arabic Letter Peheh

Sindhi

U+06A7 ڧ   Arabic Letter Qaf With Dot Above

Maghrib Arabic, Uyghur

U+06A8 ڨ   Arabic Letter Qaf With Three Dots Above

Tunisian and Algerian Arabic

U+06A9 ک   Arabic Letter Keheh

Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, ...= kaf mashkula

U+06AA ڪ   Arabic Letter Swash Kaf

represents a letter distinct from Arabic KAF (0643) in Sindhi

U+06AB ګ   Arabic Letter Kaf With Ring

Pashto may appear like an Arabic KAF (0643) with a ring below the base

U+06AC ڬ   Arabic Letter Kaf With Dot Above

use for the Jawi gaf is not recommended, although it may be found in some existing text data; recommended character for Jawi gaf is 0762 → U+0762 ݢ Arabic Letter Keheh With Dot Above

U+06AD ڭ   Arabic Letter Ng

Uyghur, Kazakh, Moroccan Arabic, early Jawi, early Persian, ...

U+06AE ڮ   Arabic Letter Kaf With Three Dots Below

Berber, early Persian Pegon alternative for 08B4

U+06AF گ   Arabic Letter Gaf

Persian, Urdu, ...

U+06B0 ڰ   Arabic Letter Gaf With Ring

Lahnda

U+06B1 ڱ   Arabic Letter Ngoeh

Sindhi

U+06B2 ڲ   Arabic Letter Gaf With Two Dots Below

not used in Sindhi

U+06B3 ڳ   Arabic Letter Gueh

Sindhi, Saraiki

U+06B4 ڴ   Arabic Letter Gaf With Three Dots Above

not used in Sindhi, Karakalpak

U+06B5 ڵ   Arabic Letter Lam With Small V

Kurdish, historically Bosnian

U+06B6 ڶ   Arabic Letter Lam With Dot Above

Kurdish

U+06B7 ڷ   Arabic Letter Lam With Three Dots Above

Kurdish

U+06B8 ڸ   Arabic Letter Lam With Three Dots Below

Avar, Soqotri

U+06B9 ڹ   Arabic Letter Noon With Dot Below
U+06BA ں   Arabic Letter Noon Ghunna

Urdu, archaic Arabic dotless in all four contextual forms

U+06BB ڻ   Arabic Letter Rnoon

dotless in all four contextual forms Sindhi

U+06BC ڼ   Arabic Letter Noon With Ring

Pashto

U+06BD ڽ   Arabic Letter Noon With Three Dots Above

Jawi

U+06BE ھ   Arabic Letter Heh Doachashmee

forms aspirate digraphs in Urdu and other languages of South Asia represents the glottal fricative /h/ in Uyghur

U+06BF ڿ   Arabic Letter Tcheh With Dot Above
U+06C0 ۀ   Arabic Letter Heh With Yeh Above

for ezafe, use 0654 over the language-appropriate base letter actually a ligature, not an independent letter arabic letter hamzah on ha (1.0) ≡ ۀ U+06D5 U+0654

U+06C1 ہ   Arabic Letter Heh Goal

Urdu

U+06C2 ۂ   Arabic Letter Heh Goal With Hamza Above

Urdu actually a ligature, not an independent letter ≡ ۂ U+06C1 U+0654

U+06C3 ۃ   Arabic Letter Teh Marbuta Goal

Urdu

U+06C4 ۄ   Arabic Letter Waw With Ring

Kashmiri

U+06C5 ۅ   Arabic Letter Kirghiz Oe

Kyrgyz a glyph variant occurs which replaces the looped tail with a horizontal bar through the tail

U+06C6 ۆ   Arabic Letter Oe

Uyghur, Kurdish, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, historically Bosnian

U+06C7 ۇ   Arabic Letter U

Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uyghur

U+06C8 ۈ   Arabic Letter Yu

Uyghur

U+06C9 ۉ   Arabic Letter Kirghiz Yu

Kazakh, Kyrgyz, historically Bosnian

U+06CA ۊ   Arabic Letter Waw With Two Dots Above

Kurdish

U+06CB ۋ   Arabic Letter Ve

Uyghur, Kazakh

U+06CC ی   Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh

Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Kashmiri, ... initial and medial forms of this letter have dots → U+0649 ى ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA → U+064A ي Arabic Letter Yeh

U+06CD ۍ   Arabic Letter Yeh With Tail

Pashto, Sindhi

U+06CE ێ   Arabic Letter Yeh With Small V

Kurdish

U+06CF ۏ   Arabic Letter Waw With Dot Above

Jawi

U+06D0 ې   Arabic Letter E

Pashto, Uyghur used as the letter bbeh in Sindhi

U+06D1 ۑ   Arabic Letter Yeh With Three Dots Below

Mende languages, Hausa

U+06D2 ے   Arabic Letter Yeh Barree

Urdu

U+06D3 ۓ   Arabic Letter Yeh Barree With Hamza Above

Urdu

U+06D4 ۔   Arabic Full Stop

Urdu

U+06D5 ە   Arabic Letter Ae

Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz

U+06D6 ۖ   Arabic Small High Ligature Sad With Lam With Alef Maksura
U+06D7 ۗ   Arabic Small High Ligature Qaf With Lam With Alef Maksura
U+06D8 ۘ   Arabic Small High Meem Initial Form
U+06D9 ۙ   Arabic Small High Lam Alef
U+06DA ۚ   Arabic Small High Jeem
U+06DB   ۛ   Arabic Small High Three Dots
U+06DC ۜ   Arabic Small High Seen
U+06DD ۝   Arabic End of Ayah
U+06DE ۞   Arabic Star of Rub El Hizb
U+06DF   ۟   Arabic Small High Rounded Zero

smaller than the typical circular shape used for 0652

U+06E0   ۠   Arabic Small High Upright Rectangular Zero

the term "rectangular zero" is a translation of the Arabic name of this sign

U+06E1 ۡ   Arabic Small High Dotless Head Of Khah presentation form of 0652, using font technology to select the variant is preferred

used in some Qurans to mark absence of a vowel= Arabic jazm → U+0652 ْ Arabic Sukun

U+06E2 ۢ   Arabic Small High Meem Isolated Form
U+06E3 ۣ   Arabic Small Low Seen
U+06E4   ۤ   Arabic Small High Madda

typically used with 06E5, 06E6, 06E7, and 08F3

U+06E5 ۥ   Arabic Small Waw

→ U+08D3 ࣓ Arabic Small Low Waw → U+08F3 ࣳ Arabic Small High Waw

U+06E6 ۦ   Arabic Small Yeh
U+06E7 ۧ   Arabic Small High Yeh
U+06E8 ۨ   Arabic Small High Noon
U+06E9 ۩   Arabic Place Of Sajdah

there is a range of acceptable glyphs for this character

U+06EA   ۪   Arabic Empty Centre Low Stop
U+06EB   ۫   Arabic Empty Centre High Stop
U+06EC   ۬   Arabic Rounded High Stop With Filled Centre

also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies to represent wasla, ikhtilas, etc.

U+06ED ۭ   Arabic Small Low Meem
U+06EE ۮ   Arabic Letter Dal With Inverted V
U+06EF ۯ   Arabic Letter Reh With Inverted V

also used in early Persian

U+06F0 ۰   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Zero
U+06F1 ۱   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit One
U+06F2 ۲   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Two
U+06F3 ۳   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Three
U+06F4 ۴   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Four

Persian has a different glyph than Sindhi and Urdu

U+06F5 ۵   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Five

Persian, Sindhi, and Urdu share glyph different from Arabic

U+06F6 ۶   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Six

Persian, Sindhi, and Urdu have glyphs different from Arabic

U+06F7 ۷   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Seven

Urdu and Sindhi have glyphs different from Arabic

U+06F8 ۸   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Eight
U+06F9 ۹   Extended Arabic-Indic Digit Nine
U+06FA ۺ   Arabic Letter Sheen With Dot Below
U+06FB ۻ   Arabic Letter Dad With Dot Below
U+06FC ۼ   Arabic Letter Ghain With Dot Below
U+06FD ۽   Arabic Sign Sindhi Ampersand
U+06FE ۾   Arabic Sign Sindhi Postposition Men
U+06FF ۿ   Arabic Letter Heh With Inverted V

Compact table

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Arabic[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+060x  ؀   ؁   ؂   ؃   ؄   ؅  ؆ ؇ ؈ ؉ ؊ ؋ ، ؍ ؎ ؏
U+061x ؐ ؑ ؒ ؓ ؔ ؕ ؖ ؗ ؘ ؙ ؚ ؛  ALM  ؝ ؞ ؟
U+062x ؠ ء آ أ ؤ إ ئ ا ب ة ت ث ج ح خ د
U+063x ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ػ ؼ ؽ ؾ ؿ
U+064x ـ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ى ي ً ٌ ٍ َ ُ
U+065x ِ ّ ْ ٓ ٔ ٕ ٖ ٗ ٘ ٙ ٚ ٛ ٜ ٝ ٞ ٟ
U+066x ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ٪ ٫ ٬ ٭ ٮ ٯ
U+067x ٰ ٱ ٲ ٳ ٴ ٵ ٶ ٷ ٸ ٹ ٺ ٻ ټ ٽ پ ٿ
U+068x ڀ ځ ڂ ڃ ڄ څ چ ڇ ڈ ډ ڊ ڋ ڌ ڍ ڎ ڏ
U+069x ڐ ڑ ڒ ړ ڔ ڕ ږ ڗ ژ ڙ ښ ڛ ڜ ڝ ڞ ڟ
U+06Ax ڠ ڡ ڢ ڣ ڤ ڥ ڦ ڧ ڨ ک ڪ ګ ڬ ڭ ڮ گ
U+06Bx ڰ ڱ ڲ ڳ ڴ ڵ ڶ ڷ ڸ ڹ ں ڻ ڼ ڽ ھ ڿ
U+06Cx ۀ ہ ۂ ۃ ۄ ۅ ۆ ۇ ۈ ۉ ۊ ۋ ی ۍ ێ ۏ
U+06Dx ې ۑ ے ۓ ۔ ە ۖ ۗ ۘ ۙ ۚ ۛ ۜ  ۝  ۞ ۟
U+06Ex ۠ ۡ ۢ ۣ ۤ ۥ ۦ ۧ ۨ ۩ ۪ ۫ ۬ ۭ ۮ ۯ
U+06Fx ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۺ ۻ ۼ ۽ ۾ ۿ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Unicode code point U+0673 is deprecated as of Unicode version 6.0

Arabic Supplement

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Arabic Supplement[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+075x ݐ ݑ ݒ ݓ ݔ ݕ ݖ ݗ ݘ ݙ ݚ ݛ ݜ ݝ ݞ ݟ
U+076x ݠ ݡ ݢ ݣ ݤ ݥ ݦ ݧ ݨ ݩ ݪ ݫ ݬ ݭ ݮ ݯ
U+077x ݰ ݱ ݲ ݳ ݴ ݵ ݶ ݷ ݸ ݹ ݺ ݻ ݼ ݽ ݾ ݿ
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

Arabic Extended-B

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Arabic Extended-B[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+087x
U+088x
U+089x  ࢐   ࢑ 
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Arabic Extended-A

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Arabic Extended-A[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+08Ax
U+08Bx
U+08Cx
U+08Dx
U+08Ex  ࣢ 
U+08Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

Arabic Presentation Forms A

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They are mostly ligatures which can be created from the previous charts' characters, with the exception of the bracket-like graphemes ﴾ ﴿ and some of them are ligatures of common liturgical phrases.

Arabic Presentation Forms-A[1][2][3]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+FB5x
U+FB6x
U+FB7x ﭿ
U+FB8x
U+FB9x
U+FBAx
U+FBBx ﮿
U+FBCx
U+FBDx
U+FBEx
U+FBFx ﯿ
U+FC0x
U+FC1x
U+FC2x
U+FC3x ﰿ
U+FC4x
U+FC5x
U+FC6x
U+FC7x ﱿ
U+FC8x
U+FC9x
U+FCAx
U+FCBx ﲿ
U+FCCx
U+FCDx
U+FCEx
U+FCFx ﳿ
U+FD0x
U+FD1x
U+FD2x
U+FD3x ﴿
U+FD4x
U+FD5x
U+FD6x
U+FD7x ﵿ
U+FD8x
U+FD9x
U+FDAx
U+FDBx ﶿ
U+FDCx
U+FDDx
U+FDEx
U+FDFx ﷿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3.^ Black areas indicate noncharacters (code points that are guaranteed never to be assigned as encoded characters in the Unicode Standard)

Arabic Presentation Forms B

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These can all be created from the basic chart's characters.

Arabic Presentation Forms-B[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+FE7x ﹿ
U+FE8x
U+FE9x
U+FEAx
U+FEBx ﺿ
U+FECx
U+FEDx
U+FEEx
U+FEFx ZW
NBSP
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Rumi Numeral Symbols

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Rumi Numeral Symbols[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+10E6x 𐹠 𐹡 𐹢 𐹣 𐹤 𐹥 𐹦 𐹧 𐹨 𐹩 𐹪 𐹫 𐹬 𐹭 𐹮 𐹯
U+10E7x 𐹰 𐹱 𐹲 𐹳 𐹴 𐹵 𐹶 𐹷 𐹸 𐹹 𐹺 𐹻 𐹼 𐹽 𐹾
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey area indicates non-assigned code point

Arabic Extended-C

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Arabic Extended-C[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+10ECx 𐻂 𐻃 𐻄
U+10EDx
U+10EEx
U+10EFx 𐻼 𐻽 𐻾 𐻿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Indic Siyaq Numbers

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Indic Siyaq Numbers[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1EC7x 𞱱 𞱲 𞱳 𞱴 𞱵 𞱶 𞱷 𞱸 𞱹 𞱺 𞱻 𞱼 𞱽 𞱾 𞱿
U+1EC8x 𞲀 𞲁 𞲂 𞲃 𞲄 𞲅 𞲆 𞲇 𞲈 𞲉 𞲊 𞲋 𞲌 𞲍 𞲎 𞲏
U+1EC9x 𞲐 𞲑 𞲒 𞲓 𞲔 𞲕 𞲖 𞲗 𞲘 𞲙 𞲚 𞲛 𞲜 𞲝 𞲞 𞲟
U+1ECAx 𞲠 𞲡 𞲢 𞲣 𞲤 𞲥 𞲦 𞲧 𞲨 𞲩 𞲪 𞲫 𞲬 𞲭 𞲮 𞲯
U+1ECBx 𞲰 𞲱 𞲲 𞲳 𞲴
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Ottoman Siyaq Numbers

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Ottoman Siyaq Numbers[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1ED0x 𞴁 𞴂 𞴃 𞴄 𞴅 𞴆 𞴇 𞴈 𞴉 𞴊 𞴋 𞴌 𞴍 𞴎 𞴏
U+1ED1x 𞴐 𞴑 𞴒 𞴓 𞴔 𞴕 𞴖 𞴗 𞴘 𞴙 𞴚 𞴛 𞴜 𞴝 𞴞 𞴟
U+1ED2x 𞴠 𞴡 𞴢 𞴣 𞴤 𞴥 𞴦 𞴧 𞴨 𞴩 𞴪 𞴫 𞴬 𞴭 𞴮 𞴯
U+1ED3x 𞴰 𞴱 𞴲 𞴳 𞴴 𞴵 𞴶 𞴷 𞴸 𞴹 𞴺 𞴻 𞴼 𞴽
U+1ED4x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols

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Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1EE0x 𞸀 𞸁 𞸂 𞸃 𞸅 𞸆 𞸇 𞸈 𞸉 𞸊 𞸋 𞸌 𞸍 𞸎 𞸏
U+1EE1x 𞸐 𞸑 𞸒 𞸓 𞸔 𞸕 𞸖 𞸗 𞸘 𞸙 𞸚 𞸛 𞸜 𞸝 𞸞 𞸟
U+1EE2x 𞸡 𞸢 𞸤 𞸧 𞸩 𞸪 𞸫 𞸬 𞸭 𞸮 𞸯
U+1EE3x 𞸰 𞸱 𞸲 𞸴 𞸵 𞸶 𞸷 𞸹 𞸻
U+1EE4x 𞹂 𞹇 𞹉 𞹋 𞹍 𞹎 𞹏
U+1EE5x 𞹑 𞹒 𞹔 𞹗 𞹙 𞹛 𞹝 𞹟
U+1EE6x 𞹡 𞹢 𞹤 𞹧 𞹨 𞹩 𞹪 𞹬 𞹭 𞹮 𞹯
U+1EE7x 𞹰 𞹱 𞹲 𞹴 𞹵 𞹶 𞹷 𞹹 𞹺 𞹻 𞹼 𞹾
U+1EE8x 𞺀 𞺁 𞺂 𞺃 𞺄 𞺅 𞺆 𞺇 𞺈 𞺉 𞺋 𞺌 𞺍 𞺎 𞺏
U+1EE9x 𞺐 𞺑 𞺒 𞺓 𞺔 𞺕 𞺖 𞺗 𞺘 𞺙 𞺚 𞺛
U+1EEAx 𞺡 𞺢 𞺣 𞺥 𞺦 𞺧 𞺨 𞺩 𞺫 𞺬 𞺭 𞺮 𞺯
U+1EEBx 𞺰 𞺱 𞺲 𞺳 𞺴 𞺵 𞺶 𞺷 𞺸 𞺹 𞺺 𞺻
U+1EECx
U+1EEDx
U+1EEEx
U+1EEFx 𞻰 𞻱
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

References

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  1. ^ "What is the origin of the ampersand (&)?"
  2. ^ unicode.org Biography: Thomas Milo - DecoType
  3. ^ "UAX #24: Script data file". Unicode Character Database. The Unicode Consortium.
  4. ^ a b "Section 9.2: Arabic, Arabic Presentation Forms-B". The Unicode Standard. The Unicode Consortium. September 2024.
  5. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2015-11-05). "L2/15-121R2: Proposal to Encode Indic Siyaq Numbers" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b "Chapter 22: Symbols". Unicode, Inc. September 2024.
  7. ^ Deprecated as of Unicode version 6.0 UCD Change History "The particular combination of an alef with this vowel mark should be written with the sequence <U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF, U+065F ARABIC WAVY HAMZA BELOW>, rather than with the character U+0673 ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW, which has been deprecated and which is not canonically equivalent. "Section 9.2: Arabic, Additional Vowel Marks". The Unicode Standard. The Unicode Consortium. September 2024.
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