Anaxyrus, containing the North American toads, is a genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.[1] The genus is endemic to North and Central America, and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the American toad, Woodhouse's toad, and the western toad.

Anaxyrus
Temporal range: Middle Miocene–present
Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii)
American toad (Anaxyrus americanus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Anaxyrus
Tschudi, 1845
Species

25, see text.

Most species in this genus were initially classified in Bufo, but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a subgenus within Bufo.[2][3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo.[1]

Species

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Binomial name Described by, year Common name
Anaxyrus americanusBufo americanus Holbrook, 1836 American toad
Anaxyrus baxteriBufo baxteri Porter, 1968 Wyoming toad
Anaxyrus boreasBufo boreas Baird & Girard, 1852 western toad
Anaxyrus californicusBufo californicus Camp, 1915 arroyo toad
Anaxyrus canorusBufo canorus Camp, 1916 Yosemite toad
Anaxyrus cognatusBufo cognatus Say, 1823 Great Plains toad
Anaxyrus compactilisBufo compactilis Wiegmann, 1833 plateau toad, Texas toad
Anaxyrus debilisBufo debilis Girard, 1854 North American green toad
Anaxyrus exsulBufo exsul G. Myers, 1942 black toad
Anaxyrus fowleriBufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882 Fowler's toad
Anaxyrus hemiophrysBufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886 Canadian toad
Anaxyrus houstonensisBufo houstonensis Sanders, 1953 Houston toad
Anaxyrus kelloggiBufo kelloggi Taylor, 1938 little Mexican toad
Anaxyrus mexicanusBufo mexicanus Brocchi, 1879 southwestern toad
Anaxyrus microscaphusBufo microscaphus Cope, 1867 Arizona toad
Anaxyrus monfontanusBufo monfontanus Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] Hot Creek toad
Anaxyrus nelsoniBufo nelsoni Stejneger, 1893 Amargosa toad
Anaxyrus nevadensisBufo nevadensis Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020[3] Railroad Valley toad
Anaxyrus punctatusBufo punctatus Baird & Girard, 1852 red-spotted toad, Baird's spotted toad
Anaxyrus quercicusBufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840 oak toad
Anaxyrus retiformisBufo retiformis Sanders and H.M. Smith, 1951 Sonoran green toad
Anaxyrus speciosusBufo speciosus Girard, 1854 Texas toad
Anaxyrus terrestrisBufo terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789 southern toad
Anaxyrus williamsiBufo williamsi Gordon, Simandle, and Tracy, 2017 Dixie Valley toad
Anaxyrus woodhousiiBufo woodhousii Girard, 1854 Woodhouse's toad

The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo:[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Anaxyrus Tschudi, 1845 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  2. ^ Crother, Brian I. (2014). "A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles: The United States and Canada . Volume 1: Amphibians. Seventh Edition. By M. J. Fouquette Jr. and Alain Dubois. Bloomington (Indiana): Xlibris. $34.99 (hardcover); $23.99 (paper). 613 p.; index to generic and species names and index to common names. ISBN: 978-1-4931-7034-0 (hc); 978-1-4931-7035-7 (pb). 2014". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 89 (4): 404–405. doi:10.1086/678658. ISSN 0033-5770.
  3. ^ a b c Gordon, Michelle R.; Simandle, Eric T.; Sandmeier, Franziska C.; Tracy, C. Richard (2020). "Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus])". Copeia. 108 (1): 166–183. doi:10.1643/CH-18-086. ISSN 0045-8511.
  4. ^ Sanchiz, B. (2012-01-01). "Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians". Graellsia.
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Further reading

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  • Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus, new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)