Major-General Sir Alfred William Fortescue Knox CB (30 October 1870 – 9 March 1964) was a career British military officer and later a Conservative Party politician.
Sir Alfred Knox | |
|---|---|
 General Alfred Knox in 1918 | |
| Born | 30 October 1870 |
| Died | 9 March 1964 (aged 93) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service | British Army British Indian Army |
| Years of service | 1891– |
| Rank | Major-General |
| Unit | Royal Ulster Rifles 5th Punjab Infantry |
| Battles / wars | First World War Russian Civil War |
| Awards | Mentioned in dispatches |
| Other work | Member of Parliament |
Military career
editBorn in Ulster, Knox joined the British Army when he attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Irish Rifles on 2 May 1891, and was promoted to lieutenant on 18 November 1893. He was posted to British India where he joined the 5th Punjab Infantry, became a double company commander, and was promoted to captain on 10 July 1901.[1] He was adjutant to the Southern Waziristan Militia, and as such took part in operations in Waziristan under Major-General Charles Egerton in summer 1902, for which he was mentioned in despatches.[2]
In 1911 Knox was appointed the British Military Attaché in then Russian Empire.[3] A fluent speaker of Russian, he became a liaison officer to the Imperial Russian Army during First World War. During the 1917 Bolshevik coup in Russia he observed the Bolsheviks' taking of the Winter Palace on 7 November (25 October Old Style) 1917.
He wrote:[4]
The garrison of the Winter Palace originally consisted of about 2,000 all told, including detachments from junker and ensign schools, three squadrons of Cossacks, a company of volunteers and a company from the Women's Battalion. It had six guns and one armoured car, the crew of which, however, declared that it had only come "to guard the art treasures of the Palace and was otherwise neutral"!
The garrison had dwindled owing to desertions, for there were no provisions and it had been practically starved for two days. There was no strong man to take command and to enforce discipline. No one had any stomach for fighting; and some of the ensigns even borrowed great coats of soldier pattern from the women to enable them to escape unobserved.
The greater part of the junkers of the Mikhail Artillery School returned to their school, taking with them four out of their six guns. Then the Cossacks left, declaring themselves opposed to bloodshed! At 10 p.m. a large part of the ensigns left, leaving few defenders except the ensigns of the Engineering School and the company of women.
During the Russian Civil War, he was the head of the British Mission (Britmis) and notional Chef d'Arrière of the White Army in Siberia under Admiral Kolchak. He barely intervened in the combat operations, as Kolchak was unwilling to listen to his advice and to accept demands about a Russian Constituent Assembly after the war.[5]
In 1921 Knox published his memoirs, With the Russian Army: 1914–1917. In this book he also tells the story of heroine Elsa Brändström.
Political career
editAt the 1924 general election, he was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Wycombe, defeating the sitting Liberal MP Lady Terrington. He held his seat during the 1929 general election[6] and through subsequent general elections, serving in the House of Commons until the 1945 general election. In 1934, Knox argued against Indian self-government by stating "India, diverse in races and creed and united only by Britain, is not ready for democracy."[7][8] His parliamentary questions mainly concerned the Stalinist Soviet Union and the threat of Hitler as well as the rearmament of Britain during the interwar period. Knox remained a strong opponent of Communism throughout his career and following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Finland during World War II, he campaigned to give military support to the Finns.[9]
He died on 9 March 1964.
In fiction
editKnox is depicted in the book August 1914 by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, as a somewhat troublesome attache as General Samsonov attempts to lead his army through East Prussia.[10]
References
edit- ^ Hart′s Army list, 1902
- ^ "No. 27499". The London Gazette. 28 November 1902. p. 8254.
- ^ Neal Ascherson, "After Seven Hundred Years," London Review of Books (24 May 2012), p. 8.
- ^ Knox, Alfred. With the Russian Army, 1914–1917. Hutchinson & co. p. 709.
- ^ Smele, Jonathan (2017). The "Russian" Civil Wars, 1916–1926. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112.
- ^ "No. 33508". The London Gazette. 21 June 1929. pp. 4106–4107.
- ^ This was a major political issue of the early 1930s. Following the Round Table Conferences of 1930–32, the National Government had produced a White Paper on the constitutional future of India in March 1933. After a further year and a half of debate, legislation was introduced, which became the Government of India Act 1935, creating elected provincial governments in India.
- ^ S.P. Agrawal and J.C. Aggarwal,Information India : 1993–94. Global View. New Delhi : Concept, 1997. ISBN 9788170225379 (p. 379).
- ^ "...General Alfred Knox MP, who in 1919 had been Churchill's special representative at the headquarters of Admiral Kolchak and who still regarded the anticommunist fight as his special vocation". Markku Ruotsila Churchill and Finland: A Study in Anticommunism and Geopolitics. London; Frank Cass, 2005. ISBN 0415349710 (p. 92)
- ^ James M. Curtis, Solzhenitsyn's Traditional Imagination. University of Georgia Press, 2008 ISBN 9780820331867 (p.70)