In Judaism, an abomination, horror, or scandal is, in general, an offense against the religious senses of a people, and, in particular, an offense against the religious sense of the Jewish people.[1] An abomination offends God (i.e., it is a sin) because it is offensive on religious grounds.[1] The translation of the Hebrew word for abomination is actually the translation of three different levels or kinds of abominations in terms of severity: toebah, sheḳeẓ, and piggul.[1] While abomination refers mostly to violations of the Mosaic law, specifically violations of the mitzvot on the worship of God in Judaism, it also includes some violations of the moral law (lying, perversion, etc.).[1]
Origins
editSome Jewish scholars believe the three levels of abomination were not developments in Jewish theology, but originated all in the Ketuvim, from which the Torah and the Nevi'im borrowed, while other Jewish scholars believe the three levels of abomination were developed over time after the Babylonian captivity.[2]
Toebah
editToebah or to'eva (abominable or taboo) is the highest level or worst kind of abomination.[1] It includes the sins of idolatry, placing or worshiping false gods in the temple, eating unclean animals, magic, divination, perversion (incest, pederasty, homosexuality[3] and bestiality),[4] cheating, lying, killing the innocent, false witness, illegal offerings (imperfect animals, etc.), hypocritical offerings (seeking atonement without repentance), and offending the religious sense of another people (for example, the Israelites sacrificing cattle, eating bread, and shepherding sheep were abhorrent to the ancient Egyptians).[5][1] Some of the listed sins warranted the death penalty, under specific conditions, in Judaism[6] until the death penalty was effectively abolished in Judaism by or at the time of the destruction of the second temple.[7]
Shekez
editShekez or sheketz (detestable or loathsome) is the middle level or kind of abomination.[1] It includes the sins of idolatry and eating unclean animals.[clarification needed] Oftentimes in the Bible shekez is used interchangeably with toebah.[1]
Piggul
editPiggul (unclean or putrid) is the lowest level or least kind of abomination.[1] In the Bible it refers to the sin of illegal offerings.[1] In rabbinic literature it refers to the sin of hypocritical offerings.[8]
Contemporary Jewish views
editIn contemporary Judaism, there are mixed views on all of the aforesaid. Some Jews do not expect to return to making animal offerings,[9] express a wide variety of views on sexual ethics, including homosexuality,[10] some see no contradiction between being a Jew and disbelieving in God,[11] some believe lying is not intrinsically wrong,[12] and some do not follow the dietary laws.[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Abomination". The Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Abomination". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ [Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13Hebrew-English Bible Leviticus 18:22, Leviticus 20:13]
- ^ "Noachian Laws". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Aron Pinker. "Abomination to the Egyptians in Genesis 43:32, 46:34 and Exodus 8:22". Scileo.
- ^ "Judaism and capital punishment". BBC.
- ^ Bayfield, Tony (2019). Being Jewish Today. Bloomsbury. p. 180. ISBN 9781472962065.
- ^ "Law of Piggul". Etzion. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019.
- ^ Brody, Shlomo (28 August 2008). "Ask the Rabbi: Making a sacrifice". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ Moon, Dawne (2014). "Beyond the dichotomy: six religious views of homosexuality". Journal of Homosexuality. 61 (9): 1215–41. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.926762. PMID 24871867. S2CID 12265338.
- ^ Winston, Kimberly (September 26, 2011). "Judaism without God? Yes, say American atheists". USA Today. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
- ^ Jonathan Sacks (2015). "When is it Permitted to Tell a Lie?". Orthodox Union. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Chapter 4: Religious Beliefs and Practices". Pew Forum. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.