The 764th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 461st Bombardment Wing at Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas, where it was inactivated on 28 March 1968.
| 764th Bombardment Squadron | |
|---|---|
 B-52 Stratofortresses on a mission in Southeast Asia | |
| Active | 1943–1945; 1953–1958; 1963–1968 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Strategic bomber |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award |
| Insignia | |
| Patch with 764th Bombardment Squadron emblem[a][1] |  |
The squadron was first activated during World War II. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, and earned two Distinguished Unit Citations for its actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States, where it was inactivated in August 1945.
The squadron was reactivated at Hill Air Force Base, Utah under Tactical Air Command (TAC) in late 1943, soon becoming one of TAC's first jet bomber squadrons. It moved to Blytheville Air Force Base, Arkansas in 1955 and was inactivated there, when Blytheville became a Strategic Air Command (SAC) base. It was activated in 1963 at Amarillo, when SAC replaced its MAJCON wing there. The squadron stood nuclear alert status at Amarillo and deployed crews and aircraft to Southeast Asia before inactivating.
History
editWorld War II
edit
The 764th Bombardment Squadron was activated at Wendover Field, Utah on 1 July 1943 as one of the four original squadrons of the 461st Bombardment Group. After training with Consolidated B-24 Liberators under Second and Fourth Air Forces in the United States, the squadron departed for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations on New Year's Day of 1944.[1][2][3]
The squadron arrived at its combat station, Torretto Airfield, Italy by the end of February 1944.[1] The air echelon ferried its Liberators to Italy via the Southern Ferry Route, pausing for additional training in North Africa before joining the ground echelon in Italy. The squadron flew its first combat mission in April 1944.[4]
The squadron was engaged primarily in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, attacking communications, industrial facilities and other enemy strategic targets in Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania and Yugoslavia. It participated in the campaign against Axis petroleum production with attacks against facilities at Most, Czechoslovakia; Blechhammer, Germany; and Moosbierbaum and Vienna in Austria. It received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for an attack on petroleum facilities at Ploiești, Romania on 15 July 1944, when it heavily damaged its objective, despite clouds and smoke obscuring the target and opposition by flak and interceptors.[4]
it also conducted strategic attacks against enemy airfields and aircraft manufacturing centers. On one of its early missions, it attacked an aircraft component manufacturing facility at Budapest, Hungary, battling its way through enemy air defenses. This attack earned the squadron its first DUC.[4]
The squadron was occasionally diverted from its strategic mission, flying air support and air interdiction missions. During Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944, it hit artillery positions. The following month it flew airlift missions, transporting supplies to forces in France. Some of its last missions were flown to support Operation Grapeshot, the spring 1945 offensive in northern Italy.[4]
Following V-E Day, the squadron flew supplies to prisoners of war in Austria. It began returning to the United States in early July. It reassembled at Sioux Falls Army Air Field, South Dakota at the end of the month and was inactivated there on 28 August 1945.[1][4]
Tactical bomber operations
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Prompted by experience in the Korean War, the Air Force decided to increase its air support and air interdiction capabilities to support ground forces. As part of this increase, it organized the 461st Bombardment Wing, which included the squadron, at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, in December 1953.[1] The squadron was intended to be a Martin B-57 Canberra unit, but these aircraft were not available, so it was initially equipped with Douglas B-26 Invaders.[5] Officer cadre for the squadron was drawn from the 4th Tow Target Squadron at George Air Force Base, California. Facilities at Hill required development and combat readiness training did not begin until July 1954.[6]
The wing trained in light bomber operations and participated in exercises, including simulated deployments. In January 1955, the unit began to receive B-57s and was fully equipped by the end of the year. However, Hill's parking and hangar space was inadequate for the B-57s and even as they began to arrive, the unit anticipated a move to Blytheville Air Force Base, Arkansas, which was being developed by the Corps of Engineers for reopening in 1955.[7][8] In October 1955, the squadron moved from Hill to Blytheville.[1]
The conversion to the Canberra brought a number of changes. The new aircraft was subject to several periods of grounding, and the unit faced shortfalls in the number of aircrew available. The unit mission also underwent changes, with the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons taking priority over conventional weapons delivery, although conventional weapons remained as a secondary mission.[9] The squadron inactivated in January 1958 as Tactical Air Command, under budget pressures, prepared to transfer Blytheville to Strategic Air Command (SAC).[1][5][8]
Strategic bomber operations
editIn 1962, in order to perpetuate the lineage of many currently inactive bombardment units with illustrious World War II records, SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled strategic wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled units, which could carry a lineage and history.[c] As a result, the 461st Bombardment Wing replaced the 4128th Strategic Wing at Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas. As part of this organizational action, the squadron took over the mission, personnel and equipment of the 718th Bombardment Squadron, which was simultaneously inactivated.[1][5][10] SAC wings were organized under the dual deputy system, so the squadron was assigned directly to the 461st Wing, rather than to a group.[5]
One half of the squadron's Boeing B-52 Stratofortress aircraft were maintained on fifteen minute alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[11] The squadron continued the mission of strategic bombardment training. It participated in exercises and operational readiness inspections at the direction of SAC.[5]
In January 1967, the squadron deployed its aircraft and crews to Anderson Air Force Base, Guam, where it carried out missions in Southeast Asia as part of a provisional bombardment wing participating in Operation Arc Light. The squadron's planes and personnel returned to Amarillo in July, where they returned to nuclear alert.[5] However, "[i]n December 1965, a few months after the first B-52Bs started leaving the operational inventory, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense [announced] another phaseout program that would further reduce SAC’s bomber force. Basically, this program called for the mid-1971 retirement of all B-52Cs and of several subsequent B-52 models."[12] In addition, in January 1968, announcement was made that Amarillo would close at the end of the year.[13] The squadron's last operational B-52 was transferred to another unit on 21 January 1968, and the squadron inactivated on 25 March.[5]
Lineage
edit- Constituted as the 764th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 May 1943
- Activated on 1 July 1943
- Redesignated 764th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 1944
- Inactivated on 28 August 1945
- Redesignated the 764th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 11 December 1953
- Activated on 23 December 1953
- Redesignated 764th Bombardment Squadron, Tactical on 1 October 1955
- Inactivated on 8 January 1958
- Redesignated 764th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy and activated on 15 November 1962 (not organized)
Assignments
edit- 461st Bombardment Group, 1 July 1943 – 28 August 1945
- 461st Bombardment Group, 23 December 1953 – 8 January 1958
- Strategic Air Command, 15 November 1962 (not organized)
- 461st Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1963 – 28 March 1968[14][5]
Stations
edit
|
|
Aircraft
edit- Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945
- Douglas B-26 Invader, 1954–1955
- Martin B-57 Canberra, 1955–1958
- Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1963–1968[14][15]
Awards and campaigns
edit| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 13 April 1944 | Budapest, Hungary[1] |
| |
Distinguished Unit Citation | 15 July 1944 | Ploesti, Romania[1] |
 |
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 July 1966-30 June 1967 | [5] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Air Offensive, Europe | c. 18 February 1944 – 5 June 1944 | [1] |
| |
Air Combat, EAME Theater | c. 18 February 1944 – 11 May 1945 | [1] |
| |
Rome-Arno | c. 18 February–9 September 1944 | [1] |
| |
Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | [1] |
| |
Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 | [1] |
| |
Southern France | 15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 | [1] |
| |
North Apennines | 10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945 | [1] |
| |
Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | [1] |
| |
Po Valley | 3 April 1945 – 8 May 1945 | [1] |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Approved 24 November 1944. Description: Over and through a white disc, border yellow orange, a gray and white eagle in flight, toward sinister, with yellow orange beak and feet, holding in the left foot a grayed green aerial bomb, banded yellow orange, and dropping a like aerial bomb with the right foot, all beneath five, yellow orange, five-point stars in chief and in front of a pink-and-red antiaircraft burst on dexter fess border.
- ^ Aircraft is Martin B-57B-MA Canberra, serial 53-3934. This plane was modified as an RB-57B, and later transferred to the Pakistan Air Force and destroyed on the ground by an Indian Air Force English Electric Canberra on 6 December 1971. Baugher, Joe (9 June 2023). "1953 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 23 June 2023. Photo was taken in 1956.
- ^ MAJCON units could not carry a permanent history or lineage. Ravenstein, Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 12.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 743
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 743-745
- ^ Musser, James S. (12 June 2019). "Factsheet 461 Operations Group (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 335-337
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 254-256
- ^ "Abstract, History 461 Bombardment Wing Dec 1953-Jun 1954". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ "Abstract, History 461 Bombardment Wing Jan-Jun 1955". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b Mueller, p. 37
- ^ "Abstract, History 461 Bombardment Wing Jan-Jun 1956". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 717-718
- ^ "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ Knaack, p. 248 n.41
- ^ "Abstract, History of Amarillo Air Force Base". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d Lineage, including aircraft, assignments and stations, through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 743
- ^ a b c See Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 254-256 (inactivation of 461st Wing)
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center.