The 313th Expeditionary Operations Group is a Provisional United States Air Force unit, assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe to activate or inactivate as needed. It was last active at Moron Air Base, Spain, supporting Operations Odyssey Dawn and Unified Protector to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya. It was inactivated on 31 October 2011.
| 313th Expeditionary Operations Group | |
|---|---|
.jpg) KC-135 Stratotanker deployed to Moron AB in 2011 | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1946–1948; 1948–1949; 1952–1955; 1978–1993 |
| Country |  United States |
| Branch |  United States Air Force |
| Role | Airlift |
| Part of | United States Air Forces in Europe |
| Engagements | Mediterranean Theater of Operations European Theater of Operations[1] |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation[1] Air Force Outstanding Unit Award[2] |
| Insignia | |
| 313th Expeditionary Operations Group emblem (approved 3 February 1943)[1] |  |
During World War II, the group was assigned to both Twelfth and Ninth Air Forces in North Africa, Italy and Western Europe. The 313 TCG was highly decorated for its combat parachute infantry drops during the Invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky); Invasion of Italy (Operation Avalanche); Invasion of France (Operation Overlord); the airborne invasion of the Netherlands (Operation Market-Garden); and the airborne crossing of the Rhine River, (Operation Varsity).
History
edit- For related history and lineage, see 313th Tactical Airlift Wing
World War II
editThe group was activated at Daniel Field, Georgia in March 1942 as the 313th Transport Group, with only a headquarters and a single squadron, the 29th Transport Squadron, assigned. In June, the group added three additional squadrons (the 47th, 48th and 49th Transport Squadrons) and moved to Bowman Field, Kentucky to begin training.[1][3] The group trained under Air Transport Command with Douglas C-47 Skytrain and the C-53 Skytrooper modification of the C-47. In July, the Army Air Forces gave the "transport" designation to its strategic airlift units, and the group became the 313th Troop Carrier Group under I Troop Carrier Command. The 313th trained in the southeastern United States until April 1943, when it deployed to North Africa.[1]
Mediterranean operations
edit
The group began flying combat missions from Oujda Airfield in French Morocco. It performed troop carrier and transport airlift of supplies to ground forces advancing through Algeria into Tunisia as part Twelfth Air Force. it also evacuated wounded from the battle area.[1]
The 313th took part in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. Although blown far off course on the first airdrops on the island by strong winds, the group managed to drop its paratroops near Avola, where they were able to assist British forces in seizing that town.[4] Two days later, 11 July 1943, the 313th Group led the stream of troop carrier units of the 52d Troop Carrier Wing bringing reinforcements, planning to drop paratroops near Gela. However, attacks in the Gela area by enemy aircraft had sunk two ships and forced other ships in the invasion force to disperse. The heaviest enemy attack came at 2150 hours. Fifty minutes later, the first 313th Group aircraft approached the drop zone. The group was able to successfully make its drop on Farello Airfield. Mistaking the troop carriers for another enemy attack, ships of the assault force and antiaircraft units ashore began a heavy fire on the group's C-47s as they departed. Of the 144 planes of the 52d Wing that participated in the mission, 23 were shot down and an additional 37 were heavily damaged.[5][6] For its completion of this mission the group earned its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC).[1]
It moved to Sicily for Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. It dropped paratroopers of 82d Airborne Division south of Salerno on the night of 13 September 1943 and flew a reinforcement mission the following night.[1]
European operations
edit
In February 1944, the group moved to RAF Folkingham, England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command and began training for the assault on the continent of Europe. On D-Day the group dropped paratroopers near Picauville, Normandy and dropped reinforcements the following day. The group's efforts during Operation Overlord earned it a second DUC.[1]
On 17 September, the 313th participated in Operation Market Garden, the airborne assault on the Netherlands, when it dropped troopers near Arnhem and Nijmegen. In February 1945, the unit moved to Achiet Airfield in France, where it began converting to Curtiss C-46 Commandos in preparation for Operation Varsity, the airborne assault across the Rhine. On 24 March 1945 it dropped elements of the 17th Airborne Division near Wesel.[1]
The group continued to operate from Achiet during 1945, performing transportation of personnel and supplies within Europe. It evacuated wounded and former prisoners of war and brought gasoline, ammunition to forward areas. After V-E Day, it continued to transport medical equipment and other supplies. In September, the squadron's personnel returned to the United States and it was inactivated on arrival at the port of embarkation.[1]
Berlin Airlift
edit
The group was reactivated at Tulln Air Base, Austria, although one of its squadrons was stationed at Capodichino Airport, near Naples, Italy and another at Tempelhof Central Airport in Berlin, Germany.[1][7][8] The unit formed part of the occupation forces and served as part of the European Air Transport Service, returning to operating the C-47. In May, all squadrons gathered at Tulln and in June 1947, the group was moved (less its personnel and equipment) back to the United States.[1] In July, it moved to Bergstrom Field, Texas, where it was manned and began to train with Fairchild C-82 Packet aircraft and gliders.[1] Shortly after its arrival at Bergstrom, the group and its supporting units were reorganized under the wing base organization, with both operational and support elements reporting to the 313th Troop Carrier Wing.[9]
In July 1948, group deployed its 48th Squadron to Rhein-Main Air Base to reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe in the Berlin Airlift. As winter approached and the demand for supplies increased, the group and its squadrons moved to RAF Fassberg, Germany, and began to operate Douglas C-54 Skymasters, with which it flew food, medicine and coal into Berlin. In January 1949, the 313th Wing was inactivated and the group was assigned directly to the 1st Airlift Task Force, but attached to the 60th Troop Carrier Wing at Rhein Main.[9][10] Berlin Airlift operations continued until September 1949, with the Soviet blockade of Berlin ended, and, faced with President Truman's smaller 1949 defense budget, the Air Force was required to reduce the number of its groups to 48. The group was inactivated in September 1949.[1][11]
Tactical Air Command
editThe group was activated at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York on 1 February 1953,[1] when it replaced the 514th Troop Carrier Group, a reserve unit that had been mobilized for the Korean War.[12] The 514th was in the process of converting from C-46 Commandos to Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars, and the 313th took over its personnel and equipment. Meanwhile, Tactical Air Command (TAC) was preparing the 465th Troop Carrier Group at Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina for deployment to France, but no wing headquarters was at Donaldson for the 465th Group and its support units. In August, TAC inactivated the 313th Troop Carrier Wing at Mitchel and replaced it and its support units with the 465th Troop Carrier Wing. The 313th Group was reassigned directly to Eighteenth Air Force, but was attached to the new wing for the remainder of the group's stay at Mitchel.[13]
In October 1953, the group moved to Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee. While it remained assigned to Eighteenth Air Force, but was attached to the 314th Troop Carrier Wing.[14]) The group trained with C-119s at Sewart until inactivated in June 1955.[1]
European theater airlift
editThe group was redesignated the 313th Tactical Airlift Group and activated in September 1978 at RAF Mildenhall, England when it replaced the 435th Tactical Airlift Group controlling Military Airlift Command (MAC) Lockheed C-130 Hercules crews and aircraft rotating from the United States to provide theater airlift support in Europe.[15] It was assigned a maintenance squadron and an aerial port squadron to support the Hercules, who were organized into a provisional "Bravo" Squadron.[note 3] Until 1983, it also was assigned the 627th Military Airlift Support Squadron, that provided enroute support to Lockheed C-5 Galaxy and Lockheed C-141 Starlifter flights to and from the United States and other worldwide destinations. In 1983, the 627th was inactivated and its mission was assumed by the other elements of the group.
During the Gulf War, Bravo Squadron was expanded by additional forces from the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard, when 30 aircraft and 44 crews were attached to the 313th Group.[15] In January 1993, the group was inactivated after earning four Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.[2] The enroute support mission was transferred to the reactivated 627th Airlift Support Squadron, which also managed Bravo Squadron until the rotation of C-130s to Mildenhall ended on 1 April.[15]
Expeditionary operations
editThe group was converted to provisional status as the 313th Expeditionary Operations Group. It was activated on 19 March 2011 at Moron Air Base, Spain to support Operation Odyssey Dawn, a mission to enforce a no-fly zone put in place to protect the civilian population of Libya.[16] At the end of March Odyssey Dawn became a NATO operation as Operation Unified Protector.[17] The group flew more than 2200 sorties and offloaded over 110,000,000 pounds of fuel to aircraft flying Unified Protector missions before inactivating on 31 October.[18][19]
Lineage
edit- Constituted as the 313th Transport Group on 28 January 1942
- Activated on 2 March 1942.
- Redesignated 313th Troop Carrier Group on 4 July 1942[20]
- Inactivated on 15 November 1945
- Activated on 30 September 1946
- Redesignated 313th Troop Carrier Group, Heavy on 30 July 1948[20]
- Redesignated 313th Troop Carrier Group, Special on 1 February 1949[20]
- Inactivated on 18 September 1949
- Redesignated 313th Troop Carrier Group, Medium on 25 November 1952[20]
- Activated on 1 February 1953
- Inactivated on 8 June 1955[21]
- Redesignated 313th Tactical Airlift Group on 24 August 1978[22]
- Converted to provisional status and redesignated 313th Expeditionary Operations Group on 12 June 2002[24]
Assignments
edit- I Troop Carrier Command, 2 March 1942
- 52d Transport Wing (later 52d Troop Carrier Wing), 15 June 1942[25]
- 53d Troop Carrier Wing, September 1942[26]
- 52d Troop Carrier Wing, November 1942[25] (attached to XII Troop Carrier Command (Provisional) April 1943 – 4 February 1944)
- I Troop Carrier Command, 14 September – 15 November 1945
- 51st Troop Carrier Wing, 30 September 1946[27]
- Ninth Air Force, 25 June 1947
- 313th Troop Carrier Wing, 28 July 1947[9]
- 1 Airlift Task Force 20 January 1949 – 18 September 1949 (attached to 60th Troop Carrier Wing)[10]
- 313th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 February 1953[9]
- Eighteenth Air Force, 25 August 1953 – 8 June 1955 (attached to 465th Troop Carrier Wing[13] to 30 September 1953, 314th Troop Carrier Wing
- 322d Airlift Division, 15 September 1978[28]
- Twenty-First Air Force, 1 April 1992 – 16 January 1993
- Air Mobility Command to activate or inactivate as needed, 12 June 2002[24]
Stations
edit
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|
Components
edit- 29th Transport Squadron (later 29th Troop Carrier Squadron), 2 March 1942 – 22 September 1945; 30 September 1946 – 18 September 1949; 1 February 1953 – 8 June 1955[7]
- 47th Transport Squadron (later 47th Troop Carrier Squadron), 15 June 1942 – 22 September 1945; 30 September 1946 – 18 September 1949; 1 February 1953 – 8 June 1955[8]
- 48th Transport Squadron (later 48th Troop Carrier Squadron), 15 June 1942 – 22 September 1945; 30 September 1946 – 18 September 1949; 1 February 1953 – 8 June 1955[31]
- 49th Transport Squadron (later 49th Troop Carrier Squadron), 15 June 1942 – 22 September 1945[32]
- 313th Aerial Port Squadron, 15 September 1978 – 16 January 1993[22][23]
- 313th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 15 September 1978 – 16 January 1993[22][23]
- 627th Military Airlift Support Squadron, 15 September 1978 – 1 August 1983
Aircraft
edit- Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1942–1945, 1946–1947
- Douglas C-53 Skytrooper, 1942–1945
- Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1945, 1953
- Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1946–1947, 1848–1949
- Waco CG-4 (Glider) 1947–1949
- Fairchild C-82 Packet, 1947–1949
- Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1953–1955[21]
- Lockheed C-130 Hercules (attached), 1978–1993
- Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 2011
- McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender, 2011
References
editNotes
edit- Explanatory notes
- ^ Aircraft is Douglas C-47A-70-DL Skytrain serial 42-100646, at AAF Station Nordholz, Germany in July 1945.
- ^ Aircraft is Curtiss C-46D-10-CU Commando serial 44-77541 at Achiet Airfield in April 1945. Shortly after this picture was taken the plane was damaged and written off.
- ^ Lettered squadron names for airlift assets rotating to Europe began with Alpha and Bravo Squadrons at Evreux-Fauville Air Base France in 1961. Bravo Squadron moved to RAF Mildenhall when President de Gaulle expelled U.S. forces from France in 1963. Kusumoto.
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 188–190
- ^ a b "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 19 January 2018. (search)
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 147, 207–208, 210, 214
- ^ Warren, p. 35
- ^ Garland & Smyth, pp. 177–181
- ^ Warren, p. 39
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 147
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 207–208
- ^ a b c d Ravenstein, pp. 160–161
- ^ a b Ravenstein, p. 95
- ^ Knaack, p. 25
- ^ Endicott, Judy G. (2 January 2008). "Factsheet 514 Operations Group (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
- ^ a b Ravenstein, p. 260
- ^ Ravenstein, p. 162
- ^ a b c Kusumoto, MSG Mark (13 May 1993). "End of an Era". Air Force News Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2018. (republished on Google Groups)
- ^ Owen, pp. 78–79
- ^ a b c d Research Division, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Air Force Organization Change Status Report, April 2011, Maxwell AFB, AL
- ^ Uptegraff, B.G. Roy E. III (22 August 2011). "Answering the call: The birth of a 'Calico' wing". Air Mobility Command Public Affairs. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d Research Division, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Air Force Organization Change Status Report, November 2011, Maxwell AFB, AL
- ^ a b c d Maurer does not give the exact date for redesignation, however this is the date all the group's squadrons were redesignated. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 147, 207–208, 210, 214
- ^ a b c Lineage, including stations, through 1955 in Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 188–190, except as noted
- ^ a b c d DAF/MPM Letter 190q, 24 August 1978, Subject: Organization Actions Affecting Certain Military Airlift Command Units.
- ^ a b c DAF/MO Letter 323r-1, 14 October 1992, Subject: Organization Actions Affecting Certain Units.
- ^ a b DAF/XPM Letter 303s, 12 June 2002, Subject: Air Mobility Command Expeditionary Units.
- ^ a b Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 395–396 (year only)
- ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 396–397 (year only)
- ^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 394–395 (year only)
- ^ "Factsheet 322 Airlift Division". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
- ^ Station number in Anderson.
- ^ Station number in Johnson.
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 210
- ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 214
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Anderson, Capt. Barry (1985). Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL yes: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
- Garland, Lt Col Albert N.; Smyth, Howard McGaw (1993) [1964]. Sicily and the Surrender of Italy (PDF). United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theater of Operations (50th Anniversary Commemorative ed.). Washington DC: Center of Military History. ISBN 978-1508422389. LCCN 64-60002. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- Johnson, 1st Lt. David C. (1988). U.S. Army Air Forces Continental Airfields (ETO) D-Day to V-E Day (PDF). Maxwell AFB, AL: Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Owen, Robert C. (2015). "The U.S. Experience: National Strategy and Campaign Support". In Mueller, Karl P. (ed.). Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War (PDF). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-8793-5. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- Warren, John C. (September 1955). "Airborne Missions in the Mediterranean, 1942-1945, USAF Historical Study No. 74" (PDF). Research Studies Institute, USAF Historical Division, Air University. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
External links
edit- Miller, Chris (24 May 2006). "Volant Pine: Captain Chris Miller's experiences on rotation with Bravo Squadron". airlifter.us. Retrieved 19 January 2018.