2020–21 Central African general election

General elections were held in the Central African Republic on 27 December 2020 to elect the President and National Assembly.[1][2] A second round of the legislative elections was originally scheduled to take place on 14 February 2021.[3]

2020–21 Central African general election

← 2015–16 27 December 2020 (first round)
14 March 2021 (second round)
2025 →
Presidential election
Turnout35.25%
 
Nominee Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Martin Ziguélé
Party MCU URCA MLPC
Popular vote 318,626 130,017 45,206
Percentage 53.16% 21.69% 7.54%

President and National Assembly before election

Faustin-Archange Touadéra
MCU

Elected President and National Assembly

Faustin-Archange Touadéra
MCU

Voting was not able to take place in many areas of the country that are controlled by armed groups resulting in some Central African media and opposition candidates describing the elections as a farce and fraud.[4][5] Some 800 of the country's polling stations, 14% of the total, were closed due to violence.[6] During the first round, voting did not take place in 29 of 71 sub-prefectures, while in six others only a partial vote took place before being shut down due to voter intimidation.[7]

Incumbent president Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected with 53% of the vote. Turnout was 35% of registered voters.

On 13 February 2021 Touadéra announced a second round of elections in some areas and a new first round in areas that were controlled by rebels during the December elections. Respective elections for all areas were held on 14 March.[8]

Background

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The previous presidential elections were the first to be held under the 2015 constitution, which established the 6th Republic. Faustin-Archange Touadéra won the elections, and took office on 30 March 2016.

Several obstacles affected the election process. The December 2020 election took place during the Covid-19 pandemic, prompting fears of possible postponement. However, the constitution prohibits any further extension of the term of the incumbent president beyond his term of office, which for Touadéra is 29 March 2021. The government attempted to amend the constitution,[9] but the draft was rejected by the Constitutional Court on 5 June 2020.[10] In addition, the country is also still subject to a UN peacekeeping operation, MINUSCA, while two-thirds of the country is controlled by rebellious armed groups.[11][12]

In early September, the Constitutional Court gave the National Elections Authority (ANE) until 27 September to publish an updated voter registry.[13] On 10 September, the opposition and several civil society groups publicly observed that the election would probably be delayed; in the event that the presidential and parliamentary terms would be extended, they demanded the formation of a unity government.[14] For its part, the ANE announced that the registration of voters would be delayed until 8 October due to technical issues, but that the vote would not be postponed.[15] The first round remained set for 27 December 2020 by the ANE.[16]

Electoral system

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The President of the Central African Republic is elected by a two-round system for a five-year term, renewable only once. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the first ballot is elected. If no majority is secured, a runoff is held between the top two candidates to decide the winner.[17][18]

Presidential candidates

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On 3 December 2020, the Constitutional Court of Central African Republic accepted 17 candidatures for presidential elections:

Five candidatures were rejected, including that of former president François Bozizé.[19] He had announced his candidacy on 25 July 2020.[20]

Conduct

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The rebel group Return, Reclamation, Rehabilitation banned voter registration for the elections in Koui and Ngaoundaye.[21]

On 6 August 2020 UPC banned voter registration from taking in place in Bambouti in Haut-Mbomou demanding ransom.[22] As of 15 October only 700 people were able to register to vote in Haut-Mbomou prefecture as a result of UPC and LRA presence in region.[23]

The leaders of Return, Reclamation, Rehabilitation announced a coalition for the general election, a move that increased tensions ahead of the election, where the opposition feared massive voter fraud. The armed groups named themselves the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) and invited other armed groups to join, while urging them to protect the integrity of civilians.[24] Their aim was to pressure the government into postponing the elections.[25][26] The coalition fought against MINUSCA peacekeepers as well as Russian and Rwandan troops until a ceasefire was declared on 23 December.[25]

On 25 December, two days before the elections, unidentified armed gunmen attacked national security forces and international peacekeepers serving with the UN peacekeeping mission in the Central African Republic in Dékoa, central Kémo Prefecture, and Bakouma, southern Mbomou Prefecture. Three Burundian peacekeepers were killed and an additional two were wounded. The attack occurred hours after a rebel coalition fighting the government called off a unilateral truce and reiterated calls for the suspension of the election.[27][28]

The attacks on the peacekeepers followed a general surge in violence across the Central African Republic, over the past few weeks, during which aid workers and properties have also been attacked. The insecurity and fear of violence has led to more than 55,000 people fleeing their homes.[28]

During the first round, voting was unable to take place in 29 of the 71 sub-prefectures according to Augustin Yangana-Yahote, the Minister for Territorial Administration. Six others only managed to partially vote before being shut down due to voter intimidation.[7]

Observers noted possible irregularities in the conduct of the election. An observer group reported that a large number of voters cast ballots with letters of exemption in Bangui. The procedure allows voters to cast their ballot elsewhere than the polling station where they are registered. According to the Rainbow Network, 81 percent of the votes were cast in this manner. Coordinating member of the same network, Origine Bekondi said, "Three days before the end of the mandate of the members of the ANE (the National Elections Authority), the president of the ANE proceeded to issue deregistration certificates to voters who had voted massively."[29]

Results

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According to provisional results announced on 4 January by the National Elections Authority, Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected for a second term with 53.92 percent of the vote. Anicet-Georges Dologuélé came second. Turnout among registered voters was 76.3%.[30]

On 18 January, the Constitutional Court confirmed President Faustin Archange Touadera's victory with 53.16% of the vote but said turnout was 35.25%. Anicet Georges Dologuele had 21.69%. The court rejected a suit filed by 13 of the 16 other candidates, who argued that Touadera's victory was the result of "massive fraud" and insecurity. They annulled or revised the results from certain polling stations because of irregularities but said the impact could not have affected the overall outcome. Chief Judge Danièle Darlan declared, "Part of the Central African people, who are at war, were prevented by acts of terror... and despite this, the people sent a strong and clear message to those who were terrorising them, to those who were telling them not to vote, and to the whole world."[31]

A coalition opposition political party, COD 2020, accused the U.N.'s representative, Mankeur Ndiaye, of favouring Touadera but did not present evidence.[31] The streets of Bangui were far quieter than usual, and many people said they feared rebel attacks. Rebels had attacked a location on the city's outskirts before being pushed back on 13 January.[31] Since December 2020, 60,000 people have fled the violence, many seeking refuge in the Democratic Republic of Congo.[31]

President

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CandidatePartyVotes%
Faustin-Archange TouadéraUnited Hearts Movement318,62653.16
Anicet-Georges DologuéléUnion for Central African Renewal130,01721.69
Martin ZiguéléMovement for the Liberation of the Central African People45,2067.54
Désiré KolingbaCentral African Democratic Rally22,1573.70
Crépin Mboli GoumbaPATRIE19,2713.21
Sylvain PatasséCentral Africa New Momentum8,7601.46
Augustin AgouRenaissance for Sustainable Development8,4361.41
Jean-Serge BokassaKodro Ti Mo Kozo Si7,8701.31
Mahamat KamounCentral Africa for All of Us7,5361.26
Alexandre-Ferdinand NguendetRally for the Republic6,6681.11
Karim MeckassouaPath of Hope5,0990.85
Éloi AnguimatéNational Convention5,0780.85
Catherine Samba-PanzaIndependent3,7100.62
Serge DjorieCAPNCA3,3920.57
Cyriaque GondaNational Party for a New Central Africa2,9730.50
Aristide ReboasChristian Democratic Party2,4540.41
Nicolas TiangayeRepublican Convention for Social Progress2,1630.36
Total599,416100.00
Valid votes599,41691.51
Invalid/blank votes55,6388.49
Total votes655,054100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,858,23635.25
Source: Constitutional Court

National Assembly

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PartySeatsTotal
seats
+/–
First round
(20 December)
Second round
(14 March)
First round
(14 March)
Second round
(23 May)
Second round
(25 July)
United Hearts Movement514515241New
National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"1153010+3
Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People1240180
Union for Central African Renewal221207–6
National Movement of Independents230207New
Central African Democratic Rally050005–5
Path of Hope010203New
PATRIE300003New
Renaissance for Sustainable Development020002New
New Impetus for Central Africa000112New
Movement for Democracy and Development0200020
Party for Democratic Governance110002–1
Action Party for Development001102+1
National Union of Republican Democrats1000010
Central Africa for Us All000101New
Transformation through Action Initiative010001New
Party for Democracy and Solidarity–Kélémba0100010
Alliance for Democracy and Progress010001New
Central African Party for Integrated Development000101New
National Union for Democracy and Progress100001–12
Democratic Movement for the Renaissance and Evolution of Central Africa010001New
Union for Renaissance and Development000101New
Socialist Party0001010
Kodro Ti Mo Kozo Si Movement010001New
Independents511313335–21
Total224919437140+9
Source: Journal de Bangui, LANOCA MINUSCA

Elected members

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Constituency Election date Elected member Party
1er arrondissement First round (20 December) Henri-Matie Dondra United Hearts Movement
2e arrondissement 1 Second round (14 March) Gabriel Mairie Raoul Follot Central African Democratic Rally
2e arrondissement 2 Second round (14 March) Mathurin Massikini Central African Democratic Rally
3e arrondissement 1 Second round (23 May) Zacharie Yaou Mafour Independent (Action Party for Development)
3e arrondissement 2 Second round (23 May) Ibrahim Ould Alhissene Algon[a] United Hearts Movement
3e arrondissement 3 Second round (14 March) Rachel Yassindali Independent
4e arrondissement 1 Second round (14 March) Ephrem Dominique Yandocka Transformation through Action Initiative
4e arrondissement 2 Second round (14 March) Louis Roi Nguehoroum Union for Central African Renewal
5e arrondissement 1 Second round (14 March) Louis Albert Goni United Hearts Movement
5e arrondissement 2 Second round (14 March) Ernest Konguere United Hearts Movement
5e arrondissement 3 Second round (14 March) Amédée Negba Kpingo Renaissance for Sustainable Development
6e arrondissement 1 Second round (14 March) José Titus Ngoungbo Central African Democratic Rally
6e arrondissement 2 Second round (14 March) Dominique Kakara Guerengbo Independent
7e arrondissement First round (20 December) Christian Limbio Tekpe Independent
8e arrondissement 1 Second round (14 March) Thierry Ndomadji Legon Ndoyo Independent
8e arrondissement 2 Second round (14 March) Guy Samuel Nganatoua Independent
Abba Second round (23 May) Marc Issa National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Alindao 1 Second round (23 May) Virginie-Béatrice Bandéko United Hearts Movement
Alindao 2 Second round (23 May) Geoffroy Noël Tagba United Hearts Movement
Amada-Gaza Second round (23 May) Ousmane Gbalassoundou National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Baboua 1 First round (14 March) Laurent Ngon Baba Action Party for Development
Baboua 2 First round (14 March) Luc Ninga Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Bakala First round (20 December) Dorothée Tiyangou National Union for Democracy and Progress
Bakouma Second round (25 July) Gabin Dieudonne Mbolifouefele United Hearts Movement
Bambari 1 Second round (23 May) Rachel Ngakola Central Africa for Us All
Bambari 2 Second round (23 May) Aubin Amasseka Amoudou United Hearts Movement
Bambari 3 Second round (23 May) Anatole Ndemagouda Gbago United Hearts Movement
Bambari 4 Second round (23 May) Ali Saleh United Hearts Movement
Bambio 1 Second round (14 March) Aristide Goundissa United Hearts Movement
Bambouti First round (20 December) Bernard Gbissigui Anioue National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Bamingui Second round (14 March) Francisco Moundjouvouko Path of Hope
Bangassou 1 Second round (14 March) Maurice Bazzambo-Ngbongo Independent
Bangassou 2 Second round (14 March) Samuel Nzoungou United Hearts Movement
Baoro 1 First round (14 March) Simplice Sarandji United Hearts Movement
Batangafo 1 Second round (23 May) Jean De Dieu Damarass-Damangueré United Hearts Movement
Batangafo 2 Second round (23 May) Carmen Ducas Independent
Bayanga First round (20 December) David Bernadette Gomina Pampali National Union of Republican Democrats
Berbérati 1 Second round (14 March) Jean Sosthène Dengbe Independent
Berbérati 2 Second round (14 March) Clément Ndombe United Hearts Movement
Berbérati 3 First round (20 December) Thierry Kamach National Movement of Independents
Berbérati 4 First round (20 December) André Nalké Dorogo Union for Central African Renewal
Bimbo 1 Second round (14 March) Rufin Brice Molomadon Movement for Democracy and Development
Bimbo 2 Second round (14 March) Henry Josée Gbogouda Independent
Bimbo 3 Second round (14 March) Joseph Bendounga Democratic Movement for the Renaissance and Evolution of Central Africa
Bimbo 4 Second round (14 March) Virginie Baïkoua United Hearts Movement
Bimbo 5 Second round (14 March) Annie Molomadon Movement for Democracy and Development
Birao 1 Second round (14 March) Daniel Andal Djouma Independent
Birao 2 Second round (14 March) Dekalve Chengaba Rossni United Hearts Movement
Boali 1 First round (14 March) Firmin Ngrébada United Hearts Movement
Bocaranga 1 First round (14 March) Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal
Bocaranga 2 Second round (23 May) Fidèle Pandjikane United Hearts Movement
Bocaranga 3 First round (14 March) Martin Ziguélé Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Boda Second round (23 May) Narcisse Dambalé Independent
Boganangone Second round (23 May) Patrice Oféing Ali National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Boganda 1 First round (14 March) Michel Yembe National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Bogangolo Second round (23 May) Jean Galvanis Gassiyombo Independent
Bossangoa 1 First round (14 March) Jean Barkes Ngombe-Kette Independent
Bossangoa 2 Second round (23 May) Christiane Dorazze Séréfessene Independent
Bossangoa 3 First round (14 March) Emilie Bernadette Gambo, Née Souaninzi United Hearts Movement
Bossangoa 4 First round (14 March) Marie Brigitte Bozeze National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Bossembélé Second round (23 May) William Séraphin Wabem Mbeté National Movement of Independents
Bossemptélé 1 First round (14 March) Jacques Ngaina National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Bouar 1 Second round (23 May) Fleury Junior Pabandji United Hearts Movement
Bouar 2 Second round (23 May) Salamatou Be-yamissi Sana United Hearts Movement
Bouar 3 First round (14 March) Georges Yalakanga National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Bouar 4 Second round (23 May) Jonas Donon Action Party for Development
Bouca 1 First round (20 December) Justin Gourna Zako United Hearts Movement
Bouca 2 Second round (14 March) Jean-Bosco Namtoua-Koussi Guidomon Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Bozoum 1 Second round (25 July) Gervais Nguerekane Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Bozoum 2 Second round (25 July) Iledefonse Maurin Doui Gomhayama Independent
Bria 1 First round (20 December) Max Sylvain Balenda Independent
Bria 2 Second round (23 May) Jacques Tafago Union for Central African Renewal
Carnot 1 First round (14 March) Evariste Ngamana Independent
Carnot 2 Second round (23 May) Vivien Hervé Gaba Independent
Carnot 3 Second round (14 March) Jean Robert Gotao Party for Democratic Governance
Damara 1 Second round (14 March) Nestor Nali Mamadou United Hearts Movement
Dédé-Makouba 1 Second round (14 March) Serge Alain Liguela Mboutou Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Dekoa Second round (25 July) Serge Frederic Yologaza Independent
Djemah First round (20 December) Hermane Lambert Akovourou African Party for Radical Transformation and Integration of States
Gadzi 1 Second round (25 July) Trixi Serge Bapeh United Hearts Movement
Gadzi 2 Second round (25 July) Ingkossi Jansen Wandoui So Independent
Gambo 1 Second round (14 March) Michel Kpingo United Hearts Movement
Gamboula 1 Second round (14 March) Tefal Kolou United Hearts Movement
Grimari 1 First round (20 December) Sédar Sall Karim United Hearts Movement
Ippy 1 First round (14 March) Francis Rufin Ouatende National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Ippy 2 Second round (23 May) Christophe Arsène Wapou United Hearts Movement
Kabo 1 Second round (23 May) Chantal Merveille Tohomane United Hearts Movement
Kabo 2 Second round (23 May) Hugues Abdjaz Ndolingar Path of Hope
Kaga-Bandoro 1 Second round (23 May) Valérie Claude Bifane Independent
Kaga-Bandoro 2 Second round (14 March) Arme Birot Kodro Ti Mo Kozo Si Movement
Kaga-Bandoro 3 Second round (23 May) Simon Dangavo Path of Hope
Kembé First round (20 December) Assindaka Didace Independent
Kouango 1 Second round (23 May) Barthelemy Louis-Marie Zoumara Independent
Kouango 2 Second round (23 May) Sylvain Marandji Socialist Party
Koui Second round (23 May) Dahirou Mohamadou United Hearts Movement
Mala1 First round (14 March) Marthe Lakonte-Gaomeda United Hearts Movement
Markounda 1 First round (14 March) Emilie Béatrice Epaye Independent
Mbaïki 1 Second round (14 March) Brice Kevin Kakpayen Independent
Mbaïki 2 Second round (14 March) Jean Thalhys Bangue Renaissance for Sustainable Development
Mbaïki 3 First round (20 December) Hassan Akhras Independent
Mbaïki 4 First round (20 December) Jean Claude Ngonga United Hearts Movement
Mbaïki 5 First round (20 December) Magloire Jocelyn Makango United Hearts Movement
Mbrès Second round (23 May) Thomas Rabé National Movement of Independents
Mingala Second round (23 May) Firmin Endjizémo Independent
Mobaye 1 Second round (14 March) Aurélien Simplice Kongbelet-Zingas Party for Democracy and Solidarity–Kélémba
Mobaye 2 First round (20 December) Heureux Maxime Ngarendo Independent
Mobaye 3 Second round (14 March) Henri Mylla Vigner National Movement of Independents
Mongoumba 1 Second round (14 March) Joseph Ngoïta United Hearts Movement
N'Délé 1 Second round (14 March) Alime Aziza Soumaine United Hearts Movement
N'Délé 2 First round (20 December) François Moussa Yakota Party for Democratic Governance
Nana-Bakassa 1 Second round (25 July) Marie-Christiane Patassé New Impetus for Central Africa
Nana-Bakassa 2 Second round (23 May) Sylvain-Eugène Ngakoutou-Patassé New Impetus for Central Africa
Nanga-Boguila Second round (23 May) Auguste Dokoane Independent
Ndjoukou Second round (23 May) Jean-Claude Komia Sambia Independent
Ngaoundaye 1 First round (14 March) Bernard Dillah Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Ngaoundaye 2 First round (14 March) Antoine Koirokpi Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Ngaoundaye 3 Second round (23 May) Ernest Bonang Union for Central African Renewal
Nola 1 Second round (14 March) Pélagie Ngaïndiro National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa"
Nola 2 First round (20 December) Marien Diodonné Djema National Movement of Independents
Nola 3 Second round (14 March) Sylvain Bombo Independent
Obo 1 First round (20 December) Ernest Mizédio Union for Central African Renewal
Obo 2 Second round (14 March) Albert Guinimonguimi Union for Central African Renewal
Ouadda 1 Second round (14 March) Abdel-Karim Nabia Koundjou United Hearts Movement
Ouanda Djallé 1 Second round (14 March) Idriss Sende Adam Independent
Ouango 1 Second round (14 March) Théophile Ngonda Alliance for Democracy and Progress
Ouango 2 Second round (14 March) Rodrigue Yvon Brice Sialo Ngboda Central African Democratic Rally
Paoua 1 Second round (14 March) Lucien Mbaîgoto National Movement of Independents
Paoua 2 Second round (23 May) Timoléon Mbaïkoua Central African Party for Integrated Development
Paoua 3 Second round (14 March) Romain Penendji-lami-ya United Hearts Movement
Paoua 4 First round (20 December) Percus Kette Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People
Paoua 5 Second round (23 May) Emmanuel Mamya United Hearts Movement
Rafaï First round (20 December) Dieudonné Gbiatou African Party for Radical Transformation and Integration of States
Satema 1 Second round (14 March) Vidal De Bon Coeur Siopathis Central African Democratic Rally
Sibut Second round (23 May) Félix Yangakola Independent
Sosso-Nakombo 1 Second round (14 March) Achanga Bertrand Nakombo National Movement of Independents
Yalinga 1 First round (14 March) Richard Gonguere United Hearts Movement
Yaloké 1 Second round (23 May) Auguste Boukanga Union for Renaissance and Development
Yaloké 2 Second round (23 May) Richard Steve Toranga United Hearts Movement
Zangba Second round (23 May) Hissène Hamat Independent
Zémio First round (20 December) Eric Gervais Kpiodigui African Party for Radical Transformation and Integration of States
Source: Journal de Bangui, LANOCA

Reactions and aftermath

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Former president Bozizé, who had been barred from running, was put under investigation after the results were announced; he was accused of aiding the armed coalitions that attempted to disrupt the election.[33] His location was unknown in early January, amid accusations by the UN that he was colluding with the rebels.[34]

After the publication of the results, Dologuele told AFP that the electoral process was a farce.[35] According to local journalist Fridolin Ngoulou, however, Mr Touadéra's victory was likely to prove lasting. Ngoulou commented: "Touadéra's vote was the expression of people fed up with armed groups who want to impose a setback for democracy. Touadéra will retain power as the entire international community supports these elections."[34]

Fighting between rebel groups and the CAR's national army has continued around the country since the election. The rebels declared an intent to take the war to Bangui, but a combination of the army, UN peacekeepers and Russian troops have prevented them from doing so.[34]

Notes

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  1. ^ Karim Meckassoua was initially elected, but the Constitutional Court overturned the result and declared Ould Alhissene Algon the winner on the basis that Meckassoua had been an ineligible candidate due to his involvement with the Coalition of Patriots for Change rebel coalition.[32]

References

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  1. ^ "Elections 2020: The Central African President resolved more than ever". Afrique Panorama. 4 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) (in French)
  2. ^ "Central African Republic: The National Elections Authority unveils the provisional calendar of coupled elections". Corbeau News Centrafrique. 18 November 2019. (in French)
  3. ^ "Code électoral de la République Centrafricaine (Titre 2, Chapitre 1, Art. 131)" (PDF). Droit-Afrique.com (in French). 20 August 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Centrafrique : " ces élections, c'est une escroquerie politique ", dixit le candidat à la présidentielle Martin Ziguélé". Le Tsunami. 29 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Élections en Centrafrique: la légitimité du scrutin, perturbé en province, divise à Bangui". Corbeau News Centrafrique. 29 December 2020.
  6. ^ "CAR violence forced closure of 800 polling stations: Commission". Al Jazeera. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Central African Republic opposition coalition demands elections be scrapped". eNCA. Agence France-Presse. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  8. ^ "CAR to hold runoff parliamentary elections in March". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  9. ^ "Centrafrique, la recherche d'un consensus électoral". Mondafrique. mondafrique. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020..
  10. ^ "En Centrafrique, la modification de la Constitution est rejetée". RFI. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  11. ^ "Centrafrique : l'appel au dialogue". www.cameroon-tribune.cm. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  12. ^ "En Centrafrique, la MINUSCA poursuit son appui au processus électoral". ONU Info. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  13. ^ "Vers un report de la présidentielle et des législatives en Centrafrique?". RFI. RFI. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  14. ^ "Centrafrique: vers un glissement des élections ?". RFI. RFI. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  15. ^ "Centrafrique : incertitude sur la tenue de la présidentielle fin décembre". TV5MONDE. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  16. ^ Jocelyne Nadège Kokada, RJDH, Arrivée à Bangui de 12 milles urnes et d’autres matériels pour les élections du 27 décembre prochain Archived 6 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 3 December 2020
  17. ^ SCDGSL (March 2015). "projet-constitution-RCA-adopte-par-CNT-2015" (PDF). sangonet.com. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  18. ^ "Code électoral de 2019" (PDF). www.droit-afrique.com. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  19. ^ "RCA : présidentielle du 27 décembre, la Cour Constitutionnelle publie la liste définitive des candidats". 3 December 2020.
  20. ^ "Central African Republic's ousted leader Bozizé to run for president again". France 24. 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  21. ^ Central African Republic: 3R Rebels In Accused Of Perturbing Electoral Registration
  22. ^ "Centrafrique : les rebelles de l'UPC empêchent le démarrage des opérations d'enrôlement des électeurs à Bambouti". 6 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  23. ^ "RCA : élections présidentielles et législatives dans le Haut-Mbomou, le doute persiste, et l'inquiétude domine". 15 October 2020.
  24. ^ "CAR says ex-president attempting 'coup' as rebels form coalition". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  25. ^ a b Gaël Grilhot (24 December 2020). "Centrafrique : à Bangui, peur sur la ville". Le Monde..
  26. ^ Cyril Bensimon (26 December 2020). "En Centrafrique, le pari des élections à tout prix". Le Monde..
  27. ^ "Three UN peacekeepers killed in CAR ahead of Sunday's elections". www.aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. 26 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  28. ^ a b "UN chief condemns attacks against peacekeepers in the Central African Republic". UN News. UN News. United Nations News Service. 26 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  29. ^ "Central African Republic: Observer group notes possible election irregularities". Africanews. 30 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  30. ^ "Central African Republic President Touadéra wins re-election". Africanews. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  31. ^ a b c d "C.Africa court confirms Touadera win, but only one-third turnout". msn.com. AFP. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  32. ^ "Central African Republic: Report of the Secretary-General" (PDF). MINUSCA. 12 October 2021.
  33. ^ "Central African Republic's ex-president Bozizé investigated for 'rebellion'". Africanews. 4 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  34. ^ a b c Losh, Jack (7 January 2021). "Central African Republic: A disputed election and a strange rebel alliance". BBC News.
  35. ^ "Touadera re-elected as Central African Republic president". The East African. 5 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.