Wikipedia

2014 Iquique earthquake

The 2014 Iquique earthquake struck off the coast of Chile on 1 April, with a moment magnitude of 8.2, at 20:46 local time (23:46 UTC).[4][5] The epicenter of the earthquake was approximately 95 kilometres (59 mi) northwest of Iquique.[1] The mainshock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a M7.7 event on 3 April. The megathrust earthquake triggered a tsunami of up to 2.11 metres (6.9 ft) that hit Iquique at 21:05 local time (00:05 UTC, 2 April).[6] Similar-sized tsunamis were also reported to have hit the coasts of Pisagua and Arica.[7]

2014 Iquique earthquake
2014 Iquique earthquake is located in South America
Iquique
Iquique
Santiago
Santiago
2014 Iquique earthquake
UTC time2014-04-01 23:46:47
ISC event610102185
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date1 April 2014 (2014-04-01)
Local time20:46 CST (UTC-03:00)
Duration3 minutes
Magnitude8.2 Mw[1]
Depth25 km (16 mi)[1]
Epicenter19°36′36″S 70°46′08″W / 19.610°S 70.769°W / -19.610; -70.769[1]
TypeMegathrust
Areas affectedChile, Peru
Total damage8,300 homes damaged[2]
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)
Peak acceleration1.05 g[3]
Tsunami4.6 m (15 ft)
Casualties11 dead, 209 injured

Geology

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See also: Peru–Chile Trench

A number of mid-sized quakes struck the same area in the preceding weeks. These quakes and the main tremor are associated with the boundary of the Nazca plate and the South American plate.[1]

Earthquake

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See also: List of earthquakes in Chile

There was a cluster of earthquakes starting from the one occurring on 16 March with a magnitude of Mw 6.7, and a large earthquake had been expected.[8][9] The 8.2 earthquake was smaller than what was expected, with a rupture of 200 km (120 mi) in length instead of the expected 600 km (370 mi) rupture.[10] The earthquake was felt in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia.[11] The intensity reached intensity VIII (Severe) in Iquique, Chile.[12]

Aftershocks

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There were several significant aftershocks above 6.0 magnitude and many more of lower magnitude over subsequent days.

Time (local) M I Depth Epicenter
1 April at 20:57:58 6.9 VI 28.4 km (17.6 mi) 91 km (57 mi) WNW of Iquique [13]
2 April at 22:58:30 6.5 VI 24.1 km (15.0 mi) 46 km (29 mi) WSW of Iquique [14]
2 April at 23:43:13 7.7 IX 22.4 km (13.9 mi) 53 km (33 mi) SW of Iquique [15]
3 April at 02:26:15 6.4 VI 25 km (16 mi) 78 km (48 mi) SW of Iquique [16]

Associated events

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Such large earthquakes can have effects far away other than tsunamis.[17] A megathrust quake can shake the entire earth, but causes stronger movement and strain on the entire associated oceanic plate, beyond the few hundred kilometer rupture zone. Though too far to be an aftershock, a 6.0 quake on a thin protruding wedge of the Nazca plate (Iquique quake shoved this plate) was reported off Panama within 12 hours of the main shock.[18]

Tsunami

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Travel time projection of the tsunami

Under advice from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, tsunami warnings were issued for the Latin American Pacific coastlines of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador shortly after the earthquake occurred.[19][4][20] Chile was subsequently hit by a large tsunami in its northern territories, with a maximum height of 4.63 m (15.2 ft) in Arica.[21][6]

The tsunami warning was later canceled for all countries except Chile and Peru within a few hours of the earthquake.[22] The tsunami warning was canceled for both Chile and Peru at around 4:58 UTC on 2 April. Hawaii was under a tsunami advisory for over 13 hours.[23][24] On 3 April local time, tsunamis were observed in Japan.[25] The tsunami reached 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) high in Kuji, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.[26]

Impact

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Chile

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Five people died of indirect causes[2] and one woman was reportedly crushed to death when a wall collapsed. A loader was crushed by a falling metal structure and died of the injuries afterwards.[27] An additional three people were killed due to landslides and on April 4, a six-day-old infant died due to hypothermia, after she and her mother sought refuge in a tent.[2]

In Iquique, over 200 people were hospitalized and an airport's control tower was damaged. Houses also collapsed in Arica.[2] Electricity and water services were interrupted in the regions of Arica y Parinacota and Tarapacá.[28]

During the aftermath of the earthquake, 293 prisoners escaped from a women's prison in Iquique when a wall collapsed. Many returned voluntarily a short time later, while Chilean soldiers searched for the rest.[29]

Peru

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In southern Peru, nine people were injured, four structures, including two temples collapsed and 81 houses, three schools, four clinics, three public buildings and a temple were damaged.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "M8.2 – 95 km NW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Massive earthquake and tsunami at the Tarapaca coast, Northern Chile – The full story from the very beginning". Earthquake-Report.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  3. ^ "Registros instrumentales evento del 2014-04-01 23:46:45". Centro Sismológico Nacional (CSN). Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Tsunami alert after 8.2 quake strikes off Chile". BBC. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  5. ^ Shabner, Dean (1 April 2014). "8.2-Magnitude Earthquake Off Chile Triggers Tsunami". United States: ABC News. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  6. ^ a b "Pacific Tsunami Waves hit Chile after an Earthquake measuring 8.3". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  7. ^ Tsunami Message Number 6 Archived 2 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine, NWS Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, 1 April 2014
  8. ^ "Magnitude-6.7 quake hits Chile, 100,000 evacuated". USA Today.
  9. ^ "Earthquake Report (Informe de Sismo Sensible)" (in Spanish). Sismologia.cl. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  10. ^ "La estrella de Iquique", 2 April 2014, page 5
  11. ^ "Tsunami alert after 8.2 quake strikes off Chile". BBC News. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  12. ^ "M8.2 – 95km NW of Iquique, Chile 2014-04-01 23:46:46 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  13. ^ "M6.9 – 91 km WNW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey.
  14. ^ "M6.5 – 46 km WSW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey.
  15. ^ "M7.7 – 53 km SW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey.
  16. ^ "M6.4 – 78 km SW of Iquique, Chile". United States Geological Survey.
  17. ^ Lubick, Naomi (March 2003). "Triggered Swarms: How Big Quakes Can Cause Small Quakes Far Away". Scientific American. Retrieved 4 April 2014.(subscription required)
  18. ^ "M6.0 – 52km S of Pedregal, Panama 2014-04-02 16:13:27 UTC". United States Geological Survey. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  19. ^ Stout, David; Winograd, David (1 April 2014). "Five Dead After Huge Quake Hits off Coast of Chile". Time. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  20. ^ "Tsunami Warning and Warch for Latin American Pacific coastline". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  21. ^ "Tsunami Event:IQUIQUE, CHILE". NGDC.
  22. ^ "Tsunami Warning and Watch Cancellation". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  23. ^ "Hawai'ian Islands Tsumani Advisory". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  24. ^ "Hawai'ian Islands Tsunami Advisory Cancellation". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  25. ^ "Japan hit by Tsunami waves on 3 April after Chilean Earthquake". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  26. ^ "60 cm Tsunami Observed in Kuji City, Iwate Prefecture; Caused by Chile Quake (岩手県久慈市で津波６０センチ観測 チリ地震)" (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun Company (朝日新聞). 3 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  27. ^ "La estralla de Iquique", April 4, 2014, page 10
  28. ^ Moreno, Génesis; Paz Núñez, María (2 April 2014). "Replenishment of basic services has been slower in communes of Iquique and Alto Hospicio (Reposición de servicios básicos ha sido más lenta en comunas de Iquique y Alto Hospicio)". La Tercera (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  29. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2 April 2014). "Chile soldiers hunt escaped inmates in quake-hit Iquique". BBC News.

Further reading

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