On January 5, 2011, the first convening of the United States House of Representatives during the 112th United States Congress, and two months after the 2010 U.S. House elections, the incoming House members held an election for its speaker. This was 121st speaker election since the office was created in 1789. Since House Republicans had gained the previously-Democrat-held majority in the 2010 elections, Republican House Leader John Boehner unseated Democratic House Leader Nancy Pelosi as speaker.
 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Needed to win: Majority of the votes cast 432 votes cast, 217 needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.jpg)
.jpg)
Background
edit2010 House elections
editDemocratic had held the House majority for the previous two congresses, with their leader Nancy Pelosi serving as speaker.[1]
The November 2010 elections were the first midterm election of Democrat Barack Obama's presidency and the first election held under redistricted maps drawn after the reapportionment that followed the 2010 census. The election saw the Democrats lose their House majority to Republicans by losing 63 seats.[2] This was the biggest midterm-election seat change since 1938.[3]
Process and conventions
editThe speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The House elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll call vote.[4] Traditionally, each party's caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the roll call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, but generally do, as the outcome of the election effectively determines which party has the majority and consequently will organize the House.[5] Representatives that choose to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate usually vote for another member within the party or vote "present".
Moreover, as the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.[6] Nevertheless, every person elected speaker has been a member.[5]
To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes cast, as opposed to an absolute majority of the full membership of the House – presently 218 votes, in a House of 435. There have only been a few instances during the past century where a person received a majority of the votes cast, and thus won the election, while failing to obtain a majority of the full membership. At the time, it happened most recently in January 2015 (114th Congress), when John Boehner was elected with 216 votes (as opposed to 218). Such a variation in the number of votes necessary to win a given election might arise due to vacancies, absentees, or members being present but not voting. If no candidate wins a majority of the "votes cast for a person by name," then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.[5] Multiple roll calls have been necessary only 15 times since 1789; and, at the time, not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.[7] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.[8][9]
Democratic nomination
editNancy Pelosi of California and Heath Shuler of North Carolina ran in the House Democratic Caucus' vote to select its leader and nominee for speaker.[10] Pelosi had led the House Democratic Caucus since 2003.[11] Shuler was a member of the Blue Dog Coalition, a conservative faction of Democrats that had seen a large loss of House seats in the 2010 elections.[10] The Democratic Caucus held their vote on November 30, 2010. After a motion to postpone the election until December 8 was defeated 68–129, the caucus voted for Pelosi.[10]
The result of the vote was:[10]
| Candidate | Votes | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Nancy Pelosi | 150 | 77.72% |
| Heath Shuler | 43 | 22.28% |
Republican nomination
editIn a closed-door meeting held at the Longworth House Office Building, the House Republican Conference unanimously selected their incumbent leader John Boehner as their speaker nominee.[12][13]
| Candidate | Votes | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| John Boehner | — | 100% |
Vote for speaker
editBoehner received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. A number of frustrated Blue Dog members of the Democratic Party refused to vote for Pelosi.[14][15]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | John Boehner (OH 8) | 241 | 55.88 | |
| Democratic | Nancy Pelosi (CA 8) (incumbent) | 173 | 39.96 | |
| Democratic | Heath Shuler (NC 11) | 11 | 2.53 | |
| Democratic | John Lewis (GA 5) | 2 | 0.48 | |
| Democratic | Dennis Cardoza (CA 18) | 1 | 0.23 | |
| Democratic | Jim Costa (CA 20) | 1 | 0.23 | |
| Democratic | Jim Cooper (TN 5) | 1 | 0.23 | |
| Democratic | Steny Hoyer (MD 5) | 1 | 0.23 | |
| Democratic | Marcy Kaptur (OH 9) | 1 | 0.23 | |
| Total votes | 432 | 100 | ||
| Votes necessary | 217 | >50 | ||
Boehner did not cast a vote in the election, while Pelosi did.[17]
Representatives voting for someone other than their party's speaker nominee were:[16]
■ Jason Altmire, Dan Boren, Jim Cooper, Joe Donnelly, Tim Holden, Larry Kissell, Jim Matheson, Mike McIntyre, Mike Michaud, Mike Ross, Heath Shuler, who voted for Shuler
■ John Barrow and Gabby Giffords, who voted for Lewis
■ Dennis Cardoza, who voted for Costa
■ Jim Costa, who voted for Cardoza
■ Ron Kind, who voted for Cooper
■ Dan Lipinski, who voted for Kaptur
■ Kurt Schrader, who voted for Hoyer
Representatives who voted "present" were:[16]
■ Sanford Bishop
Representatives that did not cast votes were:[16]
■ John Boehner of Ohio
■ Peter DeFazio of Oregon
References
edit- ^ "Nancy Pelosi Fast Facts". CNN. March 1, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ GreenfieldJ, Jeff (May 13, 2021). "Perspective | We're still feeling the aftershocks of the 2010 midterm elections". Washington Post.
- ^ "Republicans Win Control of House With Historic Gains". ABC News. November 2, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ a b c Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for House speaker, even you". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
- ^ "Fathers/Deans of the House". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ "Election of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Pelosi wins Democratic leadership fight". CNN. November 17, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Breuninger, Kevin (November 17, 2022). "Nancy Pelosi to step down as House Democratic leader after two decades, with GOP set to take narrow majority". CNBC. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ "U.S. House Republicans pick Boehner as speaker". Reuters. November 17, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Sherman, Jake (November 17, 2010). "Unanimous GOP vote for Boehner". Politico. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
- ^ Ostermeier, Eric (November 1, 2015). "Notable House Speaker Votes Over the Decades". Smart Politics. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Libraries. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
- ^ Jenkins, Jeffrey (January 6, 2011). "Pelosi makes history again". Politico. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c d GPO, 157 Cong. Rec. 75 (2011).
- ^ "The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the House Floor". crsreports.congress.gov. Congressional Research Office. December 19, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
Sources
edit- "Congressional Record (Bound Edition)". govinfo.gov. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office.