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1 Chronicles 19

1 Chronicles 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.[3] This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations, especially the Ammonites and the Arameans.[4] The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).[1]

1 Chronicles 19
The complete Hebrew text of the Books of Chronicles (1 and 2 Chronicles) in the Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookBooks of Chronicles
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part13

Text

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This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 19 verses.

Textual witnesses

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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, which extant ancient manuscripts include Codex Vaticanus (B;  B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:  S; 4th century[a]), Codex Alexandrinus (A;  A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q;  Q; 6th century).[9]

Old Testament references

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David's messengers disgraced (19:1–9)

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Illustration from the Morgan Bible depicting Hanun humiliating David's ambassadors.

This section a part of the accounts largely corresponding with 2 Samuel 10:1–11:1; 12:26–31, omitting the episode of David, Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite and 2 Samuel 12:27–29.[4] The death of a king, such as Nahash, the Ammonite, could signal then end of international arrangements with other kingdoms, so David wanted to confirm a good relationship with Nahash's successor, Hanun, but David's successive victories against the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, and Arameans, made Hanun's counselors suspicious (verse 3).[11] 1 Chronicles 19:4-8 and 2 Samuel 10:4-7 have a parallel in the Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls) text (4Q51; 4Q Samuela or 4QSama, dates from c. 200 BCE[12]), which shows that the 'relationship between Samuel and Chronicles was not one of unilateral or unambiguous independence',[4] with distinctive differences such as the spelling of "David" in the books of Samuel (דָוִ֖ד) differs from that in the Chronicles and 4Q51 (דָּוִ֑יד) as well as some details in numbers.[13][14]

Verse 6

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When the Ammonites saw that they had become a stench to David, Hanun and the Ammonites sent one thousand talents of silver to hire chariots and horsemen from Aram Naharaim, Aram Maakah, and Zobah.[15]
  • "Become a stench": that is "made themselves odious" (KJV) or "disgusting".[16]
  • "Talents": literally "kikkar", a measurement of weight.[17] One talent was about 34 kilograms (75 lb), so 1000 talents was about 34 metric tons (33 long tons; 37 short tons).[18][19] The sum paid by the Ammonites (1,000 talents of silver, cf. 2 Chronicles 25:6) is mentioned only in the Chronicles which often note monetary matters.[20]
  • "Aram-Naharaim": that is "Mesopotamia" (KJV) is listed here instead of Aram Beth-rehob in 2 Samuel 10:6, perhaps because it was no longer existed at the Chronicler's time, as the Chronicler also excludes "Tob".[4]
  • "Zobah": written as "Zoba" in 2 Samuel 10:6.[21]

Verse 7

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So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah and his people; who came and pitched before Medeba. And the children of Ammon gathered themselves together from their cities, and came to battle.[22]
  • "Medeba": located c. 30 kilometres (19 mi) south-southwest of Rabbah (modern Amman), the capital of the Ammonites; not mention in 2 Samuel.[11]

David defeated the Ammonites and Arameans (19:10–19)

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This passage parallels 2 Samuel 10:9–19 with a few differences. The victory of David's army against the Arameans (Syrians) left the Ammonites isolated from their allies.[23]

Verse 18

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But the Arameans fled before Israel, and David killed seven thousand chariot drivers and forty thousand infantry men of the Arameans, and killed Shophak, the commander of the army.[24]
  • "7000 chariot drivers": The Chronicler multiplies the number of chariots by ten (cf. 1 Chronicles 18:4) in relation to "700 chariots" in 2 Samuel 10:18.[25][26][27]
  • "40,000 infantry men": or "40,000 foot soldiers"; written as "40,000 horsemen" in 2 Samuel 10:18.[25][28]
  • "Shophak": spelled as "Shobach" in 2 Samuel 10:18.[29]

See also

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  • Related Bible parts: 2 Samuel 10, 2 Samuel 11, 1 Chronicles 20

Notes

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  1. ^ The extant Codex Sinaiticus only contains 1 Chronicles 9:27–19:17.[6][7][8]

References

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  1. ^ a b Ackroyd 1993, p. 113.
  2. ^ Mathys 2007, p. 268.
  3. ^ Ackroyd 1993, pp. 113–114.
  4. ^ a b c d Mathys 2007, p. 277.
  5. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  6. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. p. 85. ISBN 3-438-06006-X.
  7. ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1902). An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek. Cambridge: Macmillan and Co. pp. 129–130.
  8. ^   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  9. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  10. ^ a b 1 Chronicles 19 Berean Study Bible. Biblehub
  11. ^ a b Coogan 2007, p. 605 Hebrew Bible.
  12. ^ Fincke, Andrew (2001). The Samuel Scroll from Qumran. 4QSama restored and compared to the Septuagint and 4QSamc. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Vol. 43. Brill. pp. 3–7. doi:10.1163/9789004350410. ISBN 978-90-04-12370-0.
  13. ^ 4Q51 Samuela Dead Sea Scrolls Bible Translations
  14. ^ Cross, Frank Moore; Parry, Donald W.; Saley, Richard J. and Ulrich, Eugene. "Qumran Cave 4 – XII, 1-2 Samuel" (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series, XVII). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005
  15. ^ 1 Chronicles 19:6 MEV
  16. ^ Note [a] on 1 Chronicles 19:6 in NET Bible
  17. ^ Note [b] on 1 Chronicles 19:6 in NET Bible
  18. ^ Note on 1 Chronicles 19:6 in MEV
  19. ^ Note [a] on 1 Chronicles 19:6 in NKJV
  20. ^ Mathys 2007, pp. 277–278.
  21. ^ Note [b] on 1 Chronicles 19:6 in NKJV
  22. ^ 1 Chronicles 19:7 KJV
  23. ^ Coogan 2007, p. 606 Hebrew Bible.
  24. ^ 1 Chronicles 19:18 MEV
  25. ^ a b Mathys 2007, p. 278.
  26. ^ Note [a] on 1 Chronicles 19:18 in NKJV
  27. ^ Note [a] on 1 Chronicles 19:18 in NET Bible
  28. ^ Note [b] on 1 Chronicles 19:18 in NKJV
  29. ^ Note [b] on 1 Chronicles 19:18 in NET Bible

Sources

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