The 1990 Afghan coup d'etat attempt occurred on March 6, 1990, when General Shahnawaz Tanai, a hardline communist and Khalqist who served as Minister of Defence, attempted to overthrow President Mohammad Najibullah of the Republic of Afghanistan. The coup attempt failed and Tanai was forced to flee to Pakistan.[1]
| 1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt | |||||||
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| Part of the Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
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Supported by:  Jamiat-e Islami |
Military faction Supported by:  Pro-Tanai Khalqists  Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Mohammad Najibullah Ahmad Shah Massoud Mohammad Aslam Watanjar Khushal Peroz |
Shahnawaz Tanai Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Assadullah Sarwari Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy Bacha Gul Wafadar Mohammad Hasan Sharq Nazar Mohammad Mohammad Dawran (alleged) | ||||||
| Military support | |||||||
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Background
editTanai, who has been described alternatively as a "radical nationalist" and a "hard-line communist" of the radical Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan,[2] was fiercely anti-mujahideen yet launched an unlikely alliance with the Islamist (but also nationalist) rebel Gulbuddin Hekmatyar of the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin party. Tanai was against Najibullah's peace plans and supported a military solution to the conflict. Hekmatyar ordered his fighters to intensify their attacks against the Kabul regime in support of Tanai. The success of the coup was taken for granted. A previous coup attempt by Khalqists was foiled in December 1989, to which Tanai has been linked.[3] The coup occurred a year following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan.[4]
Tanai was apparently also supported by those important Khalqists who remained in the Politburo, Assadullah Sarwari and Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy, respectively their country's envoys to Aden and Moscow. They were said to have been intimately connected with the coup and with Tanai. Sarwari, an old comrade of Tanai, was the chief of the Afghan intelligence (KHAD) under Nur Muhammad Taraki. He was a Khalqist hardliner known as the assassin of a rival Parcham faction member. Gulabzoy was minister of interior before being exiled on a diplomatic assignment to Moscow.[5]
Tanai stated that he didn't disagree with President Najibullah's views, but rather with his policy on the military.
Najibullah was transferring all the privileges of the Army to the tribal militias and in particular to his special guard. I was against this because the Afghan Army was losing efficiency.
The Pakistani government supported the Coup in the moment hoping to weaken the Najibullah government although Tanai himself was no friend of Pakistan as he had been insistent to Najibullah to point SCUD missiles at Islamabad in retlation for supporting the rebels.[6][7] Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's plea to the other six party leaders to aid Tanai and Hekmatyar was rebuked as a disgrace to the jihad. Most of the factions viewed General Tanai as an opportunistic war criminal and hardline communist who was responsible for carpet-bombings in portions of the major western city of Herat in March 1979. The coup attempt was partially financed by Osama bin Laden, who bribed Afghan Armed Forces officers into deserting.[2]
Tanai initially wanted to work with Massoud to overthrow Najibullahs regime but he turned down the offer, according to a senior Jamiat official. Massoud apparently told his contacts in the Ministry of Defense do to everything possible to destroy Tanai's rebellion. He was prepared to do anything to prevent Hekmatyar establishing a radical Islamic state, even if it meant having to cooperate with Najib.[8][9]
Coup attempt
editTanai ordered air strikes against government buildings. Jets flown by Afghan Air Force pilots loyal to Tanai flew in Kabul to bomb the targets, but most were repelled by the Army. Air Force Commander Abdul Qadir Aqa was an accomplice. Three rockets landed near the Presidential Palace.[10] However the expected uprising by the Afghan Army didn't take place: Tanai had no direct control of troops inside Kabul. Tanai had sent the 15th Tank Brigade into the city to attack the Palace. Interior Minister Mohammad Aslam Watanjar played a major role in halting the coup plotters. He ordered a battalion to intercept the tanks and told his forces to capture Tanai "dead or alive". There was street fighting near the palace as well,[11] with the WAD-led Gard-e-Khas paramilitary force additionally playing an important role involved in suppressing the coup.[12] Commandos of the defunct (since 1988) Afghan Air Assault Brigades were also recorded attempting to defuse the situation after the coup attempt failed.[13]
Tanai blamed Hekmatyar for the failure. He told a fellow officer. "He said he was supposed to send people in after 5:00 a.m. I looked at my watch at 5:05. At 6:00 a.m. I told my people: Everyone's name is on this [failure].[14] Massoud had ordered sleeper cells he had built inside the regime not to come to Hezb's aid during the Coup, his elaborate trap to damage Hezb worked.[9]
President Najibullah appeared on television at 10 p.m. the same night to prove that he was physically there and in effective control of the state apparatus. The President gathered the support of important Parchamite militias, including the elite Special Guard to defuse the plot.
Najibullah later claimed that the Soviet Union offered help to defeat the coup, to which he thanked the offer and replied: "There's no need now. But if we face a foreign attack that will be another matter", referring to Pakistan.[15]
Aftermath
editIn the afternoon of March 7, Tanai escaped to Bagram Air Base and fled by helicopter to Peshawar, Pakistan where he was greeted and publicly accepted as an ally by Hekmatyar.[16] Eventually, he settled there in Pakistan. Tanai would later state the reason he fled to Pakistan was his only options were Iran, the Soviet Union or Pakistan, knowing the Soviets would probably turn him over and Iran was hostile to the Khalqists he decided Pakistan as Hekmatyar promised him protection. He lived in exile until later returning to Afghanistan. A general and two commanders loyal to Tanai were killed during the coup attempt.
Najibullah grew even more suspicious of Khalqists, and thus another purge occurred, further deepening the rift between the two factions.[17] In all, 127 Khalqist military officers were arrested for the attempted coup, including Sarwari and Gulabzoy. Twenty-seven officers escaped and later showed up at a press conference with Hekmatyar in Peshawar. Former Minister of Tribal Affairs, Bacha Gul Wafadar and Minister of Civil Aviation Mohammad Hasan Sharq were among the conspirators.[10] General Watanjar was awarded a four-star rank and became the new Minister of Defence following his efforts against the coup plotters.[11]
References
edit- ^ Coll, Steve (28 November 2012). "In Afghanistan, Dinner and Then a Coup". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
- ^ a b Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost wars : the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-007-6. OCLC 52814066.
- ^ FINEMAN, MARK (7 March 1990). "Afghanistan Army Units Attempt Coup : Asia: President Najibullah declares rebellion was crushed by loyal forces. Troops hunt for hard-line defense minister believed to have sparked the battle" – via LA Times.
- ^ "Afghan guerrillas profit from failed coup".
- ^ The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition by William Maley
- ^ "Archives". Los Angeles Times. 7 March 1990.
- ^ Fleiss, Alex (2022-04-05). "What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?". Rebellion Research. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ^ Kalinovsky, Artemy M. (2011-05-16). A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan [Massoud not only sat this one out, just as he'd sat out the attack on Jalalabad in March 1989, but apparently told his contacts in the Ministry of Defense do to everything possible to quash Tanai's rebellion. Massoud's hatred of Hekmatyar had once again helped to save Najibullah.]. Harvard University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-674-05866-8.
- ^ a b Sands, Chris; Qazizai, Fazelminallah (2019-11-01). Night Letters: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the Afghan Islamists Who Changed the World [Najib made the extraordinary decision to offer the position to Massoud, keeping it open for two months in an apparent gesture of reconciliation. Although the 'Lion of Panjshir' had no interest in joining the regime, he did have increasingly frequent backchannel contacts with senior communist officials. Massoud now regarded Hizb and its Pakistani sponsors, rather than the government, as his main enemy, and he was prepared to do anything to stop Hekmatyar establishing a radical Islamic state, including cooperating with Najib. Mujahideen colleagues recalled him ordering sleeper cells he had built inside the regime not to come to Hizb's aid during the putsch. 'We don't want to help the ISI or Hekmatyar,' he told his intelligence chief. Another senior Jamiati claimed that Tanai initially wanted to work with Massoud rather than Hekmatyar in trying to overthrow the regime. Massoud consulted with the party leadership then turned the offer down, knowing that Hekmatyar would be less discerning. If the whole operation was indeed part of an elaborate trap to damage Hizb, it worked.]. Oxford University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-78738-361-6.
- ^ a b "Afghan Leader Says Plotters Have Fled". The New York Times. March 8, 1990.
- ^ a b John F. Burns (May 10, 1990). "Kabul Journal; In Power Still, Afghan Can Thank His 4-Star Aide". The New York Times.
- ^ "Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978-1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD". Refworld. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
- ^ G12039017. Retrieved 2024-03-29 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ Gutman, Roy (2008). How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan [Tanai blamed Hekmatyar for the debacle. "He didn't keep his prom- ise. He never came to Afghanistan but stayed in Islamabad," he later told a fellow officer. "He said he was supposed to send people in after 5:00 a.m. I looked at my watch at 5:05. At 6:00 a.m. I told my people: Everyone's name is on this [failure]."35 Ahmed Shah Massoud told a different version. What defeated the coup, he told British journalist Sandy Gall three years later, was "our people in the army" who "had penetrated the regime very deeply." The guerrilla force "had a lot of influence in the air force... as well as in the 16th Armored Division and the National Guard, which has a very important and effective force," he said.]. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-60127-024-5.
- ^ "Afghan Leader Najib Rebounds Solidly After Coup Attempt". Christian Science Monitor. 15 March 1990.
- ^ "FAILED KABUL COUP CHANGES OPINIONS". The New York Times. 21 March 1990.
- ^ "Civil war in Afghanistan (1989?1992)". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-01-31.