The 1990–91 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly below average cyclone season, with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the region between 90°E and 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 1990, to April 30, 1991, with the first disturbance of the season forming on 10 December and the last disturbance moving out of the region during 11 May. Six people were killed by Cyclone Joy when it made landfall on Australia. During the season, tropical cyclones were monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, who ran Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWC) in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and Papua New Guinea National Weather Service also monitored systems within the basin during the season. The JTWC designated systems with a number and either a S or a P suffix depending on which side of 135E. The Bureau of Meteorology and Papua New Guinea national Weather Service both used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and estimated windspeeds over a ten-minute period, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a one-minute period and are comparable to the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.
| 1990–91 Australian region cyclone season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | 10 December 1990 |
| Last system dissipated | 11 May 1991 |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Marian |
| • Maximum winds | 210 km/h (130 mph) (10-minute sustained) |
| • Lowest pressure | 930 hPa (mbar) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Tropical lows | 12 |
| Tropical cyclones | 10 |
| Severe tropical cyclones | 3 |
| Total fatalities | 56 |
| Total damage | $63.87 million (1991 USD) |
| Related articles | |
Seasonal summary edit
Systems edit
Tropical Cyclone Laurence edit
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 10 December – 12 December |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min); 992 hPa (mbar) |
On 8 December, a cluster of clouds developed over the Timor sea and moved towards the south-east, following a large scale mid-latitude forcing event.[1] During the next day, the system developed into a tropical low about 360 km (225 mi) to the south-east of Dili, East Timor while continuing to develop and move towards the south-east.[2] During 10 January as the low became detectable on Darwin's radar, TCWC Darwin reported that the low had developed into a category one tropical cyclone and named it Laurence while reporting that the cyclone had reached its 10-minute peak intensity of 65 km/h (40 mph).[1] Early on 11 January, the JTWC designated Laurence as 05S and initiated warnings on the cyclone with 1-minute windspeeds equivalent to a tropical depression.[3] Later that day TCWC Darwin, reported that Laurence had weakened below cyclone intensity under the influence of vertical wind shear from low-level easterlies while the JTWC reported that Laurence had reached its 1-minute peak intensity of 65 km/h (40 mph).[1] The JTWC kept Laurence at its peak intensity until 2000 WST (1200 UTC) the next day when they reported that the cyclone had become equivalent to a tropical depression.[4] Laurence's remnants moved west over the next few days before dissipating near Rowley Shoals early on 16 December.[1] The only damage that was associated with the cyclone, was the sinking of a fishing boat on 11 December, however TCWC Darwin considers this damage to be indirect because the boat was 150 km (95 mi) away, from the cyclone centre and the radius of gales was less than 55 km (35 mi).[1]
Severe Tropical Cyclone Joy edit
| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 17 December (Crossed 160°E) – 27 December |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min); 940 hPa (mbar) |
On 17 December, TCWC Brisbane started to monitor a tropical low that had moved into the basin from the South Pacific. Beginning 24 December 1990, the outer bands of Cyclone Joy reached Queensland, Australia. The storm killed 5 people and caused extensive flooding. Joy reached Category 4 intensity off the coast of Cairns on 24 December 1990, before crossing the coast to the North of Townsville, on 26 December 1990.[5] The remnants of Joy created a convergence zone along the central Queensland coast, with many locations around the Mackay region recording over 2000 mm of rain during the following week.
Tropical Cyclone Chris edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 15 February – 21 February |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 976 hPa (mbar) |
- Chris, 15 to 21 February 1991, off Western Australia
Tropical Cyclone Daphne edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 21 February – 28 February |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 976 hPa (mbar) |
- Daphne, 21 to 28 February 1991, Pacific Ocean, then crossed Australia to Indian Ocean
Tropical Cyclone Kelvin edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 24 February – 5 March |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 980 hPa (mbar) |
- Kelvin, 24 February to 5 March 1991, Pacific Ocean
Tropical Cyclone Elma edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 1 March (Entered basin) – 5 March (Exited basin) |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 965 hPa (mbar) |
- Elma, 26 February to 5 March 1991, Indian Ocean
Tropical Depression Fatima edit
| Tropical depression (MFR) | |
  | |
| Duration | March 21 – March 22 (Exited basin) |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min); |
Severe Tropical Cyclone Errol edit
| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 23 March – 31 March |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min); 950 hPa (mbar) |
Cyclone Errol formed on 23 March 1991 and never hit land. The storm was responsible for a sinking of an Indonesian fishing boat.[6]
Severe Tropical Cyclone Marian edit
| Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 9 April – 19 April |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min); 930 hPa (mbar) |
Severe tropical cyclone Marian was first evident as a middle-level depression over the western Arafura Sea. In response to a southeasterly surge and a weaker monsoonal surge, it intensified to cyclone strength about 110 km south of Timor, under a divergent upper northeasterly wind regime. Its initial development may have been inhibited by restrictions to its low-level inflow caused by the mountains of Timor to its north. Once clear of this barrier, the cyclone intensified rapidly as it continued to move west-southwest, under the influence of a subtropical high over Australia. It moved slowly and erratically between 13 and 16 April as a new middle-level ridge developed to its west. Its peak estimated intensity of 930 hPa was reached during this period and weakening commenced as vertical shear increased across the system. For a period of about one day, commencing 1000, 13 April, Tropical Cyclone Watch advices were issued for parts of the Pilbara and Kimberley coastline. These advices were cancelled when the shearing process become apparent. Marian weakened further as its remnants drifted southwest before being absorbed into the circulation associated with cyclone Fifi.
Tropical Cyclone Fifi edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 15 April – 20 April |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 975 hPa (mbar) |
A severe cyclone, Fifi struck Western Australia in mid April 1991. The storm killed 29 people and left 100,000 homes without power.[7]
Tropical Cyclone Lisa edit
| Category 2 tropical cyclone (Australian scale) | |
| Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | 7 May – 11 May (Crossed 160°E) |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min); 975 hPa (mbar) |
During 7 May, the BoM and the JTWC started to monitor a Tropical Low that had developed, along the South Pacific Convergence Zone near the island of Bouganville.[2][3][8] During that day the low moved southwards and acquired the characteristics of a tropical cyclone, before it was named Lisa by TCWC Brisbane early the next day, after it had developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[2][8][9] During that day the system continued to intensify as it moved towards the south-southwest across the axis of a ridge of high pressure towards a strong subtropical jet stream before it recurved and started to move towards the southeast during 9 May.[2][8][9] During 9 May, the BoM reported that Lisa had become a category 2 tropical cyclone, before the system peaked with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) during the next day.[10] The JTWC also reported during 10 May, that Lisa had peaked with 1-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph)), which made it equivalent to a category 1 hurricane on the SSHWS.[10] After it had peaked in intensity, Lisa encountered strong vertical windshear and started to gradually weaken during 11 May, as it moved out of the Australian region with TCWC Brisbane passing the primary warning responsibility for Lisa to the FMS.[8] There was no reports of any significant damage associated with Lisa in either Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands or Vanuatu.[8][11]
Other systems edit
During March, 3 significant tropical lows including 15 and 16P were observed within the Coral Sea/Australian region, which did not become tropical cyclones on the Australian scale but were subject to gale warnings.[12] 15P was first noted on 3 March, while it was located about 900 km (560 mi) to the east of the Solomon Islands.[13] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-west, before it moved into the Australian region during 5 March.[13] The system was subsequently designated as Tropical Cyclone 15P by the JTWC who issued two advisories on it, before it was last noted during the next day while it was located about 500 km (310 mi) to the northeast of Mackay, Australia.[3][13] 16P was first noted within the Australian region on 14 March, while located about 300 km (185 mi) to the southeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[14] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-east before the JTWC designated the system 16P, and initiated advisories on it during 18 March after it had moved into the South Pacific basin.[3] Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south-southeast before it turned towards the southwest and passed over New Caledonia on 20 March, before it was last noted during the next day as it moved back into the Australian region.[14]
Season effects edit
| Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
| Laurence | 8 – 12 December | Category 1 tropical cyclone | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | None | None | None | [15] |
| Joy | 17 – 27 December | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 165 km/h (100 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Queensland | 63.84 | 6 | |
| Chris | 15 – 21 February | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) | Western Australia | None | None | [16] |
| Daphne | 24 February – 6 March 1991 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 976 hPa (28.82 inHg) | Northern Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [17] |
| Kelvin | 24 February – 5 March | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Elma | 2 – 5 March 1991 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Queensland | None | None | [18][citation needed] |
| 15P | 5 – 7 March | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| 16P | 16 – 21 March | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Errol | 23 – 31 March | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | None | None | 21 | |
| Marian | 9 – 19 April | Category 4 severe tropical cyclone | 210 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | None | None | None | |
| Fifi | 14 – 21 April 1991 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [19][citation needed] |
| Lisa | 7 – 11 May 1991 | Category 2 tropical cyclone | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Vanuatu |
None | None | [8][10] |
| Season aggregates | ||||||||
| 12 systems | 10 December – 19 May | 210 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | >$63.9 million | 56 | |||
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e "Tropical Cyclone Laurence". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ a b c d Bannister Anthony J; Smith, K J (4 December 1993). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1990–1991" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 42 (4). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 111–121. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Western Oceanography Center (1992). 6. Tropical Cyclone Warning Verification Statistics: Southern Hemisphere (PDF) (1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. pp. 213–220. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (12 December 2002). "JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05S (Laurence) Best Track Analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ "North and Central Coast, QLD: Cyclone". www.ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Indian Ocean, off WA: Cyclone". www.ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ "South-Western WA: Cyclone". www.ema.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Pandaram, Sudha (3 July 1992). Tropical Cyclone Lisa, 7 - 13 May, 1991 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 91/1). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ^ a b Tropical Cyclone Lisa, 8 - 13 May, 1991 (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ a b c "1991 Severe Tropical Cyclone Lisa (1991124S08154)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. May 19, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
- ^ Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (1991). "March 1991" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. 10 (3). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 3. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Depression 15P best track analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Depression 16P best track analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ^ "1990 Tropical Cyclone Laurence (1990343S10128)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "1991 Tropical Cyclone Chris (1991046S15122)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "1991 Tropical Cyclone Daphne (1991046S18150)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "1991 Tropical Cyclone Elma (1991057S10087)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "1991 Tropical Cyclone Fifi (1991105S12103)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 28 May 2022.