The 1928 United States presidential election in Indiana took place on November 6, 1928, as part of the 1928 United States presidential election which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose 15 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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 County Results
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Since the Civil War, partisan alliances in Indiana had been related to history of White settlement, with most of Southern Indiana and German-settled counties voting strongly Democratic, opposed to Yankee-settled Northern Indiana which voted Republican.[1] Some breakdown of these traditional loyalties took place in the 1920s due to German opposition to Woodrow Wilson’s World War I policies,[2] but these occurred to a lesser extent than in other Midwestern states because of the conservative dominance within Indiana’s Democratic Party.
1928, with most other Democrats standing out as they felt the party had no chance of winning due to the prosperous economy,[3] saw New York Governor Al Smith nominated almost by default. Many traditionally Democratic Upland Southerners recoiled at the nomination of Smith because he was a devout Catholic, opposed to Prohibition,[4] and associated with the corruption of the Tammany Hall political machine. Smith’s decision to run with Arkansas Senator Joseph T. Robinson, a “dry” and Protestant, did not alleviate fears of what he would do in the White House.
The Republican nominee, former Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California, lost the GOP primary in Indiana,[5] but won the nomination nationally. The Democratic primary was held very late in the primary season and was won by Smith, who by then had already effectively wrapped up the nomination, despite the state originally casting its vote for favorite son Evans Woollen.[6]
In a state whose farmers' were suffering a financial crisis amidst national prosperity due to the loss of demand following the war, the Indiana Farm Bureau would not endorse either ticket.[7] However, Indiana's Senator James E. Watson said that Hoover would carry the state despite these obvious problems.[8]
After becoming certain to be nominated, it was thought by The Wall Street Journal that Smith would have to carry Indiana to have any chance of winning the Presidency.[9] However, as early as the beginning of July politicos said that prohibitionist and anti-Catholic forces in Indiana gave Smith no chance of carrying the state,[4] despite Smith saying he would enforce the law if elected.[10] At the end of August, pollsters were already suggesting that the latent opposition of the anti-Catholic Ku Klux Klan – which had all but ruled Indiana earlier in the 1920s – and the prohibitionist Anti-Saloon League in rural areas of Indiana would of itself make it impossible for Smith to carry the state.[11]
Hoover visited Indiana late in August as part of the Lake County Fair, focusing on the agricultural crisis and, alongside Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart, blaming the Democrats and the Federal Reserve System for the extant farm crisis.[12] Smith did not visit the state during the fall campaign, and polls throughout that season saw the state as safe for Hoover.[13][14]
Ultimately Hoover carried the state by 20.09 percentage points, which was at the time the best Republican result ever achieved in Indiana, although it was beaten in 1956, 1972, 1984 and 2004.[15] As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is nonetheless the last occasion when Indiana voted more Democratic than the modern “blue wall” states of California and Washington.
Results
edit| 1928 United States presidential election in Indiana[16] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | Herbert Hoover | 848,290 | 59.68% | 15 | |
| Democratic | Alfred E. Smith | 562,691 | 39.59% | 0 | |
| Prohibition | William F. Varney | 5,496 | 0.39% | 0 | |
| Socialist | Norman Thomas | 3,871 | 0.27% | 0 | |
| Socialist Labor | Verne L. Reynolds | 645 | 0.05% | 0 | |
| Workers | William Z. Foster | 321 | 0.02% | 0 | |
| Totals | 1,421,314 | 100.00% | 15 | ||
Results by county
edit| County | Herbert Clark Hoover[17] Republican |
Alfred Emmanuel Smith[17] Democratic |
William Frederick Varney[17] Prohibition |
Norman Mattoon Thomas[17] Socialist |
Various candidates[17] Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 4,045 | 49.70% | 4,066 | 49.96% | 22 | 0.27% | 6 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | -21 | -0.26% | 8,139 |
| Allen | 34,234 | 56.38% | 26,292 | 43.30% | 87 | 0.14% | 64 | 0.11% | 43 | 0.07% | 7,942 | 13.08% | 60,720 |
| Bartholomew | 6,788 | 57.76% | 4,881 | 41.53% | 39 | 0.33% | 40 | 0.34% | 4 | 0.03% | 1,907 | 16.23% | 11,752 |
| Benton | 3,360 | 58.37% | 2,368 | 41.14% | 18 | 0.31% | 7 | 0.12% | 3 | 0.05% | 992 | 17.23% | 5,756 |
| Blackford | 3,882 | 59.35% | 2,576 | 39.38% | 31 | 0.47% | 47 | 0.72% | 5 | 0.08% | 1,306 | 19.97% | 6,541 |
| Boone | 6,556 | 58.81% | 4,500 | 40.37% | 73 | 0.65% | 15 | 0.13% | 3 | 0.03% | 2,056 | 18.44% | 11,147 |
| Brown | 959 | 48.51% | 999 | 50.53% | 13 | 0.66% | 3 | 0.15% | 3 | 0.15% | -40 | -2.02% | 1,977 |
| Carroll | 4,780 | 59.54% | 3,182 | 39.64% | 64 | 0.80% | 2 | 0.02% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,598 | 19.91% | 8,028 |
| Cass | 10,522 | 61.31% | 6,522 | 38.00% | 68 | 0.40% | 46 | 0.27% | 5 | 0.03% | 4,000 | 23.31% | 17,163 |
| Clark | 8,056 | 56.39% | 6,193 | 43.35% | 28 | 0.20% | 8 | 0.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,863 | 13.04% | 14,285 |
| Clay | 7,103 | 56.19% | 5,358 | 42.39% | 60 | 0.47% | 111 | 0.88% | 9 | 0.07% | 1,745 | 13.80% | 12,641 |
| Clinton | 7,606 | 55.89% | 5,895 | 43.31% | 95 | 0.70% | 13 | 0.10% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,711 | 12.57% | 13,610 |
| Crawford | 2,672 | 57.39% | 1,933 | 41.52% | 33 | 0.71% | 17 | 0.37% | 1 | 0.02% | 739 | 15.87% | 4,656 |
| Daviess | 7,116 | 56.73% | 5,324 | 42.45% | 24 | 0.19% | 74 | 0.59% | 5 | 0.04% | 1,792 | 14.29% | 12,543 |
| Dearborn | 6,334 | 58.49% | 4,459 | 41.18% | 22 | 0.20% | 12 | 0.11% | 2 | 0.02% | 1,875 | 17.31% | 10,829 |
| Decatur | 5,400 | 58.40% | 3,791 | 41.00% | 36 | 0.39% | 15 | 0.16% | 4 | 0.04% | 1,609 | 17.40% | 9,246 |
| DeKalb | 7,373 | 64.04% | 4,077 | 35.41% | 52 | 0.45% | 12 | 0.10% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,296 | 28.63% | 11,514 |
| Delaware | 19,102 | 68.79% | 8,532 | 30.72% | 72 | 0.26% | 54 | 0.19% | 10 | 0.04% | 10,570 | 38.06% | 27,770 |
| Dubois | 3,301 | 35.18% | 6,044 | 64.41% | 15 | 0.16% | 17 | 0.18% | 7 | 0.07% | -2,743 | -29.23% | 9,384 |
| Elkhart | 20,876 | 74.76% | 6,900 | 24.71% | 71 | 0.25% | 62 | 0.22% | 15 | 0.05% | 13,976 | 50.05% | 27,924 |
| Fayette | 5,874 | 62.63% | 3,455 | 36.84% | 29 | 0.31% | 18 | 0.19% | 3 | 0.03% | 2,419 | 25.79% | 9,379 |
| Floyd | 10,471 | 58.49% | 7,327 | 40.93% | 51 | 0.28% | 42 | 0.23% | 11 | 0.06% | 3,144 | 17.56% | 17,902 |
| Fountain | 4,960 | 55.60% | 3,894 | 43.65% | 43 | 0.48% | 23 | 0.26% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,066 | 11.95% | 8,921 |
| Franklin | 3,426 | 47.19% | 3,817 | 52.58% | 11 | 0.15% | 5 | 0.07% | 1 | 0.01% | -391 | -5.39% | 7,260 |
| Fulton | 4,627 | 61.09% | 2,881 | 38.04% | 62 | 0.82% | 4 | 0.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,746 | 23.05% | 7,574 |
| Gibson | 8,137 | 57.07% | 5,882 | 41.25% | 123 | 0.86% | 99 | 0.69% | 18 | 0.13% | 2,255 | 15.81% | 14,259 |
| Grant | 14,659 | 65.98% | 7,273 | 32.74% | 123 | 0.55% | 146 | 0.66% | 15 | 0.07% | 7,386 | 33.25% | 22,216 |
| Greene | 8,262 | 57.81% | 5,761 | 40.31% | 70 | 0.49% | 172 | 1.20% | 26 | 0.18% | 2,501 | 17.50% | 14,291 |
| Hamilton | 7,690 | 67.60% | 3,611 | 31.75% | 70 | 0.62% | 4 | 0.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 4,079 | 35.86% | 11,375 |
| Hancock | 4,788 | 56.49% | 3,626 | 42.78% | 51 | 0.60% | 10 | 0.12% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,162 | 13.71% | 8,476 |
| Harrison | 4,440 | 54.43% | 3,664 | 44.91% | 39 | 0.48% | 11 | 0.13% | 4 | 0.05% | 776 | 9.51% | 8,158 |
| Hendricks | 5,954 | 64.79% | 3,181 | 34.61% | 40 | 0.44% | 13 | 0.14% | 2 | 0.02% | 2,773 | 30.17% | 9,190 |
| Henry | 10,502 | 68.53% | 4,554 | 29.72% | 224 | 1.46% | 41 | 0.27% | 3 | 0.02% | 5,948 | 38.81% | 15,324 |
| Howard | 12,632 | 66.89% | 5,930 | 31.40% | 205 | 1.09% | 106 | 0.56% | 12 | 0.06% | 6,702 | 35.49% | 18,885 |
| Huntington | 8,323 | 58.88% | 5,678 | 40.17% | 85 | 0.60% | 42 | 0.30% | 8 | 0.06% | 2,645 | 18.71% | 14,136 |
| Jackson | 5,151 | 49.78% | 5,130 | 49.58% | 48 | 0.46% | 15 | 0.14% | 3 | 0.03% | 21 | 0.20% | 10,347 |
| Jasper | 3,700 | 65.65% | 1,915 | 33.98% | 19 | 0.34% | 1 | 0.02% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,785 | 31.67% | 5,636 |
| Jay | 5,998 | 55.31% | 4,759 | 43.89% | 74 | 0.68% | 9 | 0.08% | 4 | 0.04% | 1,239 | 11.43% | 10,844 |
| Jefferson | 5,295 | 57.24% | 3,906 | 42.22% | 40 | 0.43% | 8 | 0.09% | 2 | 0.02% | 1,389 | 15.01% | 9,251 |
| Jennings | 3,705 | 60.76% | 2,369 | 38.85% | 20 | 0.33% | 3 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,336 | 21.91% | 6,098 |
| Johnson | 5,513 | 54.30% | 4,548 | 44.80% | 76 | 0.75% | 14 | 0.14% | 1 | 0.01% | 965 | 9.51% | 10,152 |
| Knox | 10,035 | 49.92% | 9,837 | 48.93% | 69 | 0.34% | 144 | 0.72% | 19 | 0.09% | 198 | 0.98% | 20,104 |
| Kosciusko | 7,973 | 63.18% | 4,537 | 35.95% | 82 | 0.65% | 20 | 0.16% | 8 | 0.06% | 3,436 | 27.23% | 12,620 |
| LaGrange | 3,171 | 64.40% | 1,720 | 34.93% | 27 | 0.55% | 3 | 0.06% | 3 | 0.06% | 1,451 | 29.47% | 4,924 |
| Lake | 48,768 | 59.68% | 32,321 | 39.55% | 179 | 0.22% | 242 | 0.30% | 209 | 0.26% | 16,447 | 20.13% | 81,719 |
| LaPorte | 14,763 | 61.32% | 9,254 | 38.44% | 25 | 0.10% | 25 | 0.10% | 8 | 0.03% | 5,509 | 22.88% | 24,075 |
| Lawrence | 9,844 | 68.70% | 4,428 | 30.90% | 33 | 0.23% | 22 | 0.15% | 2 | 0.01% | 5,416 | 37.80% | 14,329 |
| Madison | 23,083 | 64.45% | 12,496 | 34.89% | 124 | 0.35% | 104 | 0.29% | 7 | 0.02% | 10,587 | 29.56% | 35,814 |
| Marion | 109,630 | 59.55% | 73,309 | 39.82% | 457 | 0.25% | 479 | 0.26% | 225 | 0.12% | 36,321 | 19.73% | 184,100 |
| Marshall | 6,738 | 60.24% | 4,377 | 39.13% | 60 | 0.54% | 10 | 0.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,361 | 21.11% | 11,185 |
| Martin | 2,450 | 51.88% | 2,245 | 47.54% | 11 | 0.23% | 16 | 0.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 205 | 4.34% | 4,722 |
| Miami | 8,318 | 59.19% | 5,592 | 39.80% | 100 | 0.71% | 36 | 0.26% | 6 | 0.04% | 2,726 | 19.40% | 14,052 |
| Monroe | 8,883 | 67.00% | 4,317 | 32.56% | 36 | 0.27% | 23 | 0.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 4,566 | 34.44% | 13,259 |
| Montgomery | 8,863 | 63.69% | 4,960 | 35.64% | 72 | 0.52% | 20 | 0.14% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,903 | 28.05% | 13,915 |
| Morgan | 5,464 | 57.76% | 3,933 | 41.58% | 39 | 0.41% | 21 | 0.22% | 3 | 0.03% | 1,531 | 16.18% | 9,460 |
| Newton | 3,053 | 64.48% | 1,649 | 34.83% | 21 | 0.44% | 10 | 0.21% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,404 | 29.65% | 4,735 |
| Noble | 6,338 | 59.76% | 4,207 | 39.67% | 42 | 0.40% | 17 | 0.16% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,131 | 20.09% | 10,605 |
| Ohio | 1,230 | 57.10% | 911 | 42.29% | 12 | 0.56% | 1 | 0.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 319 | 14.81% | 2,154 |
| Orange | 5,086 | 61.77% | 3,112 | 37.79% | 20 | 0.24% | 10 | 0.12% | 6 | 0.07% | 1,974 | 23.97% | 8,234 |
| Owen | 3,036 | 55.03% | 2,420 | 43.86% | 32 | 0.58% | 28 | 0.51% | 1 | 0.02% | 616 | 11.17% | 5,517 |
| Parke | 4,729 | 59.25% | 3,165 | 39.66% | 39 | 0.49% | 47 | 0.59% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,564 | 19.60% | 7,981 |
| Perry | 3,772 | 49.89% | 3,782 | 50.02% | 2 | 0.03% | 5 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | -10 | -0.13% | 7,561 |
| Pike | 4,190 | 54.61% | 3,409 | 44.43% | 32 | 0.42% | 36 | 0.47% | 6 | 0.08% | 781 | 10.18% | 7,673 |
| Porter | 7,107 | 70.44% | 2,921 | 28.95% | 26 | 0.26% | 32 | 0.32% | 4 | 0.04% | 4,186 | 41.49% | 10,090 |
| Posey | 4,396 | 51.80% | 4,052 | 47.74% | 22 | 0.26% | 14 | 0.16% | 3 | 0.04% | 344 | 4.05% | 8,487 |
| Pulaski | 2,738 | 56.43% | 2,040 | 42.04% | 68 | 1.40% | 6 | 0.12% | 0 | 0.00% | 698 | 14.39% | 4,852 |
| Putnam | 5,351 | 55.72% | 4,177 | 43.50% | 24 | 0.25% | 43 | 0.45% | 8 | 0.08% | 1,174 | 12.23% | 9,603 |
| Randolph | 8,368 | 71.32% | 3,264 | 27.82% | 93 | 0.79% | 7 | 0.06% | 1 | 0.01% | 5,104 | 43.50% | 11,733 |
| Ripley | 5,059 | 53.39% | 4,387 | 46.30% | 12 | 0.13% | 15 | 0.16% | 3 | 0.03% | 672 | 7.09% | 9,476 |
| Rush | 6,640 | 68.38% | 2,996 | 30.85% | 68 | 0.70% | 7 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 3,644 | 37.52% | 9,711 |
| Scott | 1,719 | 52.68% | 1,527 | 46.80% | 15 | 0.46% | 2 | 0.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 192 | 5.88% | 3,263 |
| Shelby | 7,516 | 56.14% | 5,790 | 43.24% | 70 | 0.52% | 11 | 0.08% | 2 | 0.01% | 1,726 | 12.89% | 13,389 |
| Spencer | 4,672 | 52.83% | 4,152 | 46.95% | 15 | 0.17% | 2 | 0.02% | 3 | 0.03% | 520 | 5.88% | 8,844 |
| St. Joseph | 36,844 | 57.56% | 26,846 | 41.94% | 169 | 0.26% | 106 | 0.17% | 41 | 0.06% | 9,998 | 15.62% | 64,006 |
| Starke | 2,759 | 57.32% | 2,016 | 41.89% | 12 | 0.25% | 23 | 0.48% | 3 | 0.06% | 743 | 15.44% | 4,813 |
| Steuben | 4,435 | 71.35% | 1,730 | 27.83% | 41 | 0.66% | 9 | 0.14% | 1 | 0.02% | 2,705 | 43.52% | 6,216 |
| Sullivan | 6,199 | 51.09% | 5,642 | 46.50% | 79 | 0.65% | 184 | 1.52% | 30 | 0.25% | 557 | 4.59% | 12,134 |
| Switzerland | 2,617 | 58.62% | 1,805 | 40.43% | 39 | 0.87% | 3 | 0.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 812 | 18.19% | 4,464 |
| Tippecanoe | 15,165 | 63.25% | 8,720 | 36.37% | 59 | 0.25% | 28 | 0.12% | 6 | 0.03% | 6,445 | 26.88% | 23,978 |
| Tipton | 4,774 | 59.30% | 3,186 | 39.58% | 74 | 0.92% | 14 | 0.17% | 2 | 0.02% | 1,588 | 19.73% | 8,050 |
| Union | 2,101 | 65.99% | 1,069 | 33.57% | 13 | 0.41% | 1 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,032 | 32.41% | 3,184 |
| Vanderburgh | 29,067 | 59.44% | 19,646 | 40.17% | 90 | 0.18% | 62 | 0.13% | 40 | 0.08% | 9,421 | 19.26% | 48,905 |
| Vermillion | 5,192 | 51.41% | 4,793 | 47.46% | 31 | 0.31% | 75 | 0.74% | 9 | 0.09% | 399 | 3.95% | 10,100 |
| Vigo | 22,962 | 54.71% | 18,509 | 44.10% | 95 | 0.23% | 360 | 0.86% | 42 | 0.10% | 4,453 | 10.61% | 41,968 |
| Wabash | 8,537 | 68.25% | 3,872 | 30.96% | 68 | 0.54% | 25 | 0.20% | 6 | 0.05% | 4,665 | 37.30% | 12,508 |
| Warren | 2,644 | 68.57% | 1,188 | 30.81% | 12 | 0.31% | 10 | 0.26% | 2 | 0.05% | 1,456 | 37.76% | 3,856 |
| Warrick | 4,603 | 54.12% | 3,744 | 44.02% | 138 | 1.62% | 15 | 0.18% | 5 | 0.06% | 859 | 10.10% | 8,505 |
| Washington | 3,835 | 51.96% | 3,518 | 47.66% | 19 | 0.26% | 9 | 0.12% | 0 | 0.00% | 317 | 4.29% | 7,381 |
| Wayne | 15,936 | 67.52% | 7,547 | 31.98% | 59 | 0.25% | 56 | 0.24% | 3 | 0.01% | 8,389 | 35.55% | 23,601 |
| Wells | 4,142 | 48.93% | 4,246 | 50.16% | 66 | 0.78% | 8 | 0.09% | 3 | 0.04% | -104 | -1.23% | 8,465 |
| White | 4,534 | 60.01% | 2,980 | 39.44% | 28 | 0.37% | 13 | 0.17% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,554 | 20.57% | 7,556 |
| Whitley | 4,519 | 57.43% | 3,294 | 41.86% | 51 | 0.65% | 2 | 0.03% | 3 | 0.04% | 1,225 | 15.57% | 7,869 |
| Totals | 848,290 | 59.68% | 562,691 | 39.59% | 5,496 | 0.39% | 3,871 | 0.27% | 966 | 0.07% | 285,599 | 20.09% | 1,421,314 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 343 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 356
- ^ Paulson, Arthur C.; Electoral Realignment and the Outlook for American Democracy; p. 61 ISBN 1555536670
- ^ a b Henning, Arthur Sears; ‘Democrats’ Hopes Seen in Corn Belt and the West East: Two Battlegrounds Chosen for Inroads on States Normally Republican’; The Washington Post, July 1, 1928, p. 4
- ^ ‘Last Chance Gone for Nomination in the Open: Hoover's Defeat in Indiana Throws Control of Republican Convention Back Into Hands of Professionals’; Daily Boston Globe, May 13, 1928, p. B2
- ^ ‘Indiana Offers to Shift to Gov. Smith On First Ballot After Casting Votes for Woolen’; The New York Times, June 23, 1928, p. 1
- ^ ‘Farmers Urge Hoover to State Relief Plans: Indianans Ask for Specific Outline in Acceptance – Neither Ticket Is Endorsed’; The New York Times, July 13, 1928, p. 3
- ^ ‘Declares Indiana Will Go for Hoover: Senator Watson Says Here That Nominee’s Farm Views Will Cut Present Disaffection’; The New York Times, July 17, 1928, p. 2
- ^ ‘Indicated Strength of 1928 Candidates: Smith’s Chances in National Contest Compared with Coolidge and Hoover Slate of Votes’; The Wall Street Journal, May 26, 1928, p. 2
- ^ ‘Indiana Democrats Uphold Dry Plank: Smith Will Enforce the Law Better Than Those in Power, It Is Held’; The Washington Post, July 17, 1928, p. 5
- ^ Oulahan, Richard V.; ‘Republicans Turn to Fight in East; Think West Is Safe: Work’s Coming Visit to This Region Stresses Belief That This Is Chief Battleground’; The New York Times, August 26, 1928, p. 1
- ^ ‘Brookhart Visions Hoover Prosperity: Iowa Insurgent Asserts Republican Victory Will Solve Agricultural Problem’; The New York Times, August 27, 1928, p. 5
- ^ Tucker, Robert G.; ‘Indiana for Hoover Party Leaders Say: But Figures on Majority Are Being Reduced; Klan Backs G.O.P. State Fight Is in Doubt’; The Washington Post, September 16, 1928, p. M4
- ^ Tucker, Robert G.; ‘Big Odd Are Faced by Smith in Indiana: Held to Have Hardest Fight of Any Democrat in Recent Years. G.O.P. Majority Claimed’; The Washington Post, September 30, 1928, p. M4
- ^ "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Indiana". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ "1928 Presidential General Election Results – Indiana". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "IN US President Race, November 06, 1928". Our Campaigns.