1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1864, and November 7, 1865, in the midst of the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln's reelection. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before the first session of the 39th United States Congress convened on December 4, 1865, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nevada, and the 8 from Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. The other 10 secessionist states had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 193[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives 97 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Results National Unionist gain National Unionist hold Democratic gain Democratic hold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
The opposition Democrats were deeply divided between the Copperheads, a group that demanded an immediate negotiated settlement with the Confederate States of America, and the War Democrats, who supported the war. With the Democrats lacking any coherent message, they lost half their seats to Lincoln's Republican Party, who increased their majority to a commanding level.
The Unionists lost seven seats, retaining control of 18 seats (some classify the Representatives as including 13 Unconditional Unionists and five Unionists), all from the border states of Maryland, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as West Virginia.
Election summaries
editOne new seat was added for the new State of Nevada[1] and 8 vacancies were filled by the readmission of Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. Three former Confederate States held elections in 1865 that were rejected by Congress.
38 | 137 | 18 |
Democratic | Republican | Unionist |
State | Type | Date | Total seats |
Democratic | Republican | Unionist[f] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
Oregon | At-large | June 5, 1864 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Vermont | District | September 6, 1864 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |||
Maine | District | September 11, 1864 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | |
Indiana | District | October 10, 1864 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 0 | |
Nevada[g] | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
Ohio | District | 19 | 2 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 0 | ||
Pennsylvania | District | 24 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 0 | ||
West Virginia | District | October 22, 1864 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||
California | District[h] | November 8, 1864 (Election Day)[i] |
3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |||
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Illinois | District + 1 at-large |
14 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 0 | ||
Iowa | District | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | ||||
Kansas | At-large | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||||
Maryland | District | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | ||
Massachusetts | District | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | ||||
Michigan | District | 6 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | ||
Minnesota | District | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | ||||
Missouri | District | 9 | 1 | 1 | 8[e] | 7 | 0 | 8 | |
New Jersey | District | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | ||
New York | District | 31 | 10 | 7 | 21 | 7 | 0 | ||
Wisconsin | District | 6 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 0 | ||
Late elections (after the March 4, 1865 beginning of the term) | |||||||||
New Hampshire | District | March 14, 1865 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |
Connecticut | District | April 3, 1865 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |
Tennessee[j] | District | August 3, 1865[k] | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 | ||
Rhode Island | District | April 5, 1865 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | |||
Kentucky | District | August 7, 1865 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 5 | |
Nevada | At-large | November 7, 1865 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |||
Secessionist states not yet readmitted | |||||||||
Alabama | District | November 6, 1865[l] | 6 | ||||||
Arkansas | District | October 9, 1865[l] | 3 | ||||||
Florida | At-large | November 29, 1865[l] | 1 | ||||||
Georgia | District | November 15, 1865[l] | 7 | ||||||
Louisiana | District | November 6, 1865[l] | 5 | ||||||
Mississippi | District | October 2, 1865[l] | 5 | ||||||
North Carolina | District | November 9, 1865[l] | 7 | ||||||
South Carolina | District | November 22, 1865[l] | 4 | ||||||
Texas | District | October 15, 1866[l] | 4 | ||||||
Virginia | District | October 12, 1865[l] | 8 | ||||||
Total[b] | 193 50 vacancies[m] |
38 19.7% |
31 | 137[e] 71.0% |
46 | 18 9.3% |
6 |
Of the rejected elections, Florida's and Mississippi's claimants' parties are unknown, while North Carolina elected 4 Union and 3 Conservative Representatives.
Special elections
edit38th Congress
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Illinois 5 | Owen Lovejoy | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent died March 25, 1864. New member elected May 19, 1864. Republican hold. |
|
New York 1 | Henry G. Stebbins | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent resigned October 24, 1864.[3] New member elected November 8, 1864. Democratic hold. |
|
39th Congress
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Maryland 2 | Edwin H. Webster | Unconditional Unionist | 1859 | Incumbent resigned July 1865. New member elected November 7, 1865. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Daniel W. Gooch | National Union | 1858 (special) | Incumbent resigned September 1, 1865. New member elected November 7, 1865. National Union hold. |
|
New York 16 | Orlando Kellogg | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent died August 24, 1865. New member elected November 7, 1865. National Union hold. |
|
Alabama
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Arizona Territory
editSee Non-voting delegates, below.
Arkansas
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
California
edit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 seats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Results: Republican hold |
Note: This was the first election in which California elected representatives from congressional districts.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 New seat |
Cornelius Cole Redistricted from the at-large district. |
Republican | 1863 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination. New member elected. |
|
California 2 New seat |
William Higby Redistricted from the at-large district. |
Republican | 1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
California 3 New seat |
Thomas B. Shannon Redistricted from the at-large district. |
Republican | 1863 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Colorado Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Connecticut
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Dakota Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Delaware
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Florida
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Georgia
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Idaho Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Indiana
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Iowa
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Kansas
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Kentucky
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Louisiana
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Maine
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Maryland
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Massachusetts
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | National Union | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 3 | Alexander H. Rice | National Union | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper | National Union | 1861 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 5 | John B. Alley | National Union | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Daniel W. Gooch | National Union | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 8 | John D. Baldwin | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 10 | Henry Laurens Dawes | National Union | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Minnesota
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Mississippi
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Missouri
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Montana Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Nebraska Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Nevada
edit38th Congress
editOn October 31, 1864, the new state of Nevada elected Republican Henry G. Worthington to finish the term ending March 3, 1865.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nevada at-large | New state | New seat. Republican gain. |
|
39th Congress
editWorthington was not renominated for the next term, however, and on November 7, 1865, Republican Delos R. Ashley was elected November 7, 1865 for the term that had already begun but would not formally meet until December 4, 1865.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nevada at-large | Henry G. Worthington | Republican | 1864 (new state) | Incumbent lost renomination.[8] New member elected. Republican hold. |
|
New Hampshire
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
New Jersey
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
New Mexico Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
New York
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
North Carolina
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Ohio
editOhio's delegation swung from 14–5 Democratic to 17-2 Republican as 10 Democratic incumbents lost renomination or re-election.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[10] | |
Ohio 1 | George H. Pendleton | Democratic | 1856 | Incumbent retired to run for Vice President. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 2 | Alexander Long | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost renomination. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 4 | John F. McKinney | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 5 | Francis C. Le Blond | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 6 | Chilton A. White | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 7 | Samuel S. Cox | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 8 | William Johnston | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 9 | Warren P. Noble | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 10 | James M. Ashley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 11 | Wells A. Hutchins | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 12 | William E. Finck | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 13 | John O'Neill | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 14 | George Bliss | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 15 | James R. Morris | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 16 | Joseph W. White | Democratic | 1882 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Oregon
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Pennsylvania
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Rhode Island
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
South Carolina
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Tennessee
editElections held late, on August 3, 1865.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 2 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 3 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 4 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 5 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 6 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 7 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
| ||
Tennessee 8 | None (vacant due to Civil War) | New member elected. Unionist gain. |
|
Texas
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Utah Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[20] | |
Vermont 1 | Frederick E. Woodbridge | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Vermont 2 | Justin S. Morrill | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Vermont 3 | Portus Baxter | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Virginia
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
Washington Territory
editSee non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Jacob B. Blair | Unconditional Unionist |
1863 | Incumbent retired. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
|
West Virginia 2 | William G. Brown Sr. | Unconditional Unionist |
1863 | Incumbent retired. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
|
West Virginia 3 | Kellian Whaley | Unconditional Unionist |
1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin
editWisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1864.[24]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | James S. Brown | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent withdrew from election. National Union gain. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Ithamar Sloan | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent won re-election on National Union ticket. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent won re-election on National Union ticket. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Wisconsin 5 | Ezra Wheeler | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. National Union gain. |
|
Wisconsin 6 | Walter D. McIndoe | Republican | 1862 Special | Incumbent won re-election on National Union ticket. Republican hold. |
|
Non-voting delegates
editThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2020) |
38th Congress
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arizona Territory at-large | New district | New seat. New delegate elected on an unknown date in 1864. Republican gain. |
| ||
Montana Territory at-large | New district | New seat. New delegate elected.[n] Democratic gain. |
|
39th Congress
editDistrict | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arizona Territory at-large | Charles Debrille Poston | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected September 6, 1865. Republican hold. |
|
Colorado Territory at-large | Hiram Pitt Bennet | Conservative Republican | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Dakota Territory at-large | John B. S. Todd | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Idaho Territory at-large | William H. Wallace | Unionist | 1860 (Wash. Territory) 1862 (unknown) 1863 |
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. New delegate elected October 10, 1864. Democratic gain. |
|
Montana Territory at-large | Samuel McLean | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected to the term starting March 4, 1865.[n] |
|
Nebraska Territory at-large | Samuel Gordon Daily | Republican | 1860 (won contest) | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost. New delegate elected on an unknown date. Republican hold. |
|
New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Utah Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Excludes states admitted after the start of Congress.
- ^ a b Including late elections.
- ^ a b Represents the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
- ^ In comparison to the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
- ^ a b c Includes 1 Independent Republican, John R. Kelso, elected in MO-04.
- ^ Including Unconditional Unionists.
- ^ New state.
- ^ Changed from at-large.
- ^ Although "An Act to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union (28th Congress, 2nd Session, Chapter 1, 5 Stat. 721, enacted January 23, 1845) was only for presidential elections, the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections.
- ^ Readmitted state.
- ^ Not admitted until July 24, 1866.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rejected election.
- ^ There were a total of 50 vacancies remaining, after the readmission of Tennessee.
- ^ a b Date speculative, but presumed to be in 1864[26] and 1865.[27]
References
edit- ^ 14 Stat. 391
- ^ "IL District 05 - Special Race - May 19, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "The Resignation of Hon. Henry G. Stebbins, M.C." The New York Times. October 26, 1864. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
- ^ "NY District 1 - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 18, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "MD District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. March 9, 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "MA District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. January 26, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ "NY District 16 - Special Election - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- ^ a b History of Nevada, p. 87.
- ^ History of Nevada, p. 88–89.
- ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 195, 196.
- ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Vote of the Knoxville District," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 13 September 1865, p. 2.
- ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Aug 02, 1864".
- ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 02, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - ID Territorial Delegate Race - Oct 10, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.
Bibliography
edit- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- Thompson; West (1881). History of Nevada. Oakland, California: Oakland, Cal., Thompson and West. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
edit- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
- "Elections 1860 - 1869". JoinCalifornia / Election History for the State of California. Retrieved February 12, 2018.