References edit
- Peal, Andy; Evans, Barbara; Ahilan, Sangaralingam; Ban, Radu; Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Schoebitz, Lars; Scott, Rebecca; Sleigh, Andy; Strande, Linda; Veses, Oscar (January 31, 2020). "Estimating Safely Managed Sanitation in Urban Areas; Lessons Learned From a Global Implementation of Excreta-Flow Diagrams". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 8: 1–13. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00001. hdl:10871/40296. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- High level information for planning and methodology for rapid assessment of sanitation in a city. Planning tool. : 1
- An overview of the sanitation, visually demonstrating possible failure points and how they are linked to the sanitation chain.: 2
- Using the sanitation chain it tracks excreta through the point of production through final disposal, sorting the handling into safe and unsafe paths.: 2-3
- Unsafe path means introduction to the environment and the possibility of a public health risk to the population due to exposure. : 3
- Can be difficult to produce due to lack of information, non-standardized terminology, and lack of knowledge of existing infrastructure, especially in cities that lack a high level of technology : 1
- Credible data is difficult to gather, terminology for sanitation systems varies wildly, even in the same city, local officials are not informed about the sanitation systems, and inspecting underground equipment is difficult, lack of performance data.: 11
- Rapidly adopted and serves to focus efforts on major sanitation issues in a city : 2
- Widely used and adapted, including by the World Bank, World Health Organization, and International Resource Center : 2
- Since it's creation in 2014 development of the SFD has continued under the SFD Promotion Initiative : 2
- Used in many cities by a large array of organizations.: 5
- Over 90 SFDs fully reviewed and published as of 2020: 5
- Codified in a manual describing the gathering and analysis of data, the creation of the SFD, and communication with the local stakeholders. : 2
- For ease of understanding there is little technical terminology. Generic terms are used, safe paths in the sanitation chain are represented by green arrows, unsafe with red arrows. The arrows demonstrate flow through the various stages of the sanitation chain, splitting to demonstrate the handling of fecal sludge at various steps of the process.: 3
- Divided into "containment," at the location of waste production, "emptying," where the waste is manually or mechanically removed from site of production, "transport," where it is moved to disposal or treatment. Each step shows the percentage of fecal sludge that moves safely or unsafely to the next step, or is introduced to the environment. Also divides off-site disposal, e.g. sewage pipes, on-site disposal, e.g. cesspits and septic tanks, and open defecation.: 3-5
- At the initial containment step "Contained systems are those which are unlikely to result in pathogen transmission to the user or the general public in the absence of any other adverse behavior. By contrast systems described as “not contained” result in an elevated risk of exposure to pathogens in the nearby population irrespective of household habits such as handwashing.": 3
- At the transport step safe or unsafe refers to the final "fate of the excreta". This is due the challenge of assessing the mostly behavioral risks of emptying waste. If it is delivered to treatment it is safely managed. If it is not, even if it was safely contained at the containment step, it is unsafely managed. Includes manual dumping of waste not into treatment, sewer overflows and drains into bodies of water without reaching treatment. Sewage systems that leak posing a threat to groundwater are also considered unsafely managed.: 4-5
- Safety designation at the treatment step is left up to local stakeholders, who assess the risk to those nearby, taking into account the level of infrastructure in the area, the level of treatment technology generally in use, and the reliability of the treatment methods.: 5
- Safely managed pit latrines and other similar facilities are represented by a green "safe arrow" despite there not being any actual flow.: 5
- Tons of examples of use
- Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Heymans, Christiaan (April 1, 2014). "The missing link in sanitation service delivery : a review of fecal sludge management in 12 cities". World Bank. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- The large majority of those living in urban areas, especially the poor, do not have access to sewer systems for sanitary disposal of waste.: 1
- Such systems often introduce fecal sludge to the environment, often dumped into open pits, waterways, and other unsanitary sites, posing public health and environmental risks.: 1
- Summarize waste handling outcomes and identify bottlenecks: 2
- Service chain: Containment, Emptying, Transport, Treatment, Reuse/Disposal: 2
- Sewage systems combine emptying and transport. : 1
- Width of arrows and percentages show the show the amount of waste takes each route.: 2
- Service chain: Containment, Emptying, Transport, Treatment, Reuse/Disposal: 2
- "The flow diagram developed and used is similar to concepts developed independently by Scott (2011) in Dakar, Senegal, who uses the term “sanitation cityscape” and also by Whittington, et al. (1993) in Kumasi, Ghana. Other similar frameworks and approaches may also exist.": 2
- The large majority of those living in urban areas, especially the poor, do not have access to sewer systems for sanitary disposal of waste.: 1
- Panesar, Arne; Walther, Dirk; Kauter-Eby, Thomas; Bieker, Susanne (2018). "The SuSanA platform and the Shit Flow Diagram – tools to achieve more sustainable sanitation for all". A Better World Volume 3 (PDF). Tudor Rose. pp. 42–51. ISBN 978-0-9956487-3-9. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- A tool to inform stakeholders from a wide range of backgrounds on citywide sanitation conditions.: 42
- A basis for agencies to understand and plan for sanitation: 42
- Presents central sewage systems and decentralized sanitation systems in a single graphic.: 43
- Provides details usable by a variety of people and agencies, displays public health risks, infrastructure opportunities, environmental repercussions.: 43
- Part of the SuSanA platform. : 42
- Bill Gates met Narendra Modi in 2016 and used an SFD prepared for the city of Trichy to open discussions on the sanitation crisis and where efforts would be most effective. : 43
- Most effective when paired with a detailed report on the city's sanitation services.: 44
- More examples
- A tool to inform stakeholders from a wide range of backgrounds on citywide sanitation conditions.: 42
- Chhajed-Picha, Paresh; Narayanan, N.C. (September 2021). "Refining the shit flow diagram using the capacity-building approach – Method and demonstration in a south Indian town". Journal of Environmental Management. 294: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112971. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- Has become the preferred tool for the planning and advocacy of fecal sludge management.: 1
- SFDs often lack detail on on-site sanitation, and locales often lack capacity.: 1
- SFD manual recommends speaking with interviews, focus groups, and surveilance to overcome the lack of data on on-site sanitation systems.: 2
- Fecal sludge management is very important for urban areas in the global south. 1.8 billion people in middle and low income countries.: 1
- Entire sanitation chain in a single image understandable by technical and non-technical people. Useful for identifying necessary technical and policy interventions.: 2
- Common framework allows data to be collated and compared allowing monitoring and measurement.: 2
- Context adapted SFD is corrected to provide a more correct picture of the fecal sludge management of the target area.: 5
- Takes into account the local situation, local practices, e.g. widespread boiling of drinking water, and appropriateness of different solutions, e.g. inability to create sewerage due to high water table.: 5
- SFDs do not consider environmental impacts "unsafe" unless they impact public health: 8
- In-depth example.
- Jewitt, Sarah; Mahanta, Anjana; Gaur, Kamla (September 2018). "Sanitation sustainability, seasonality and stacking: Improved facilities for how long, where and whom?". The Geographical Journal. 184 (3): 255–268. doi:10.1111/geoj.12258. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- In-depth example, demonstrates seasonal changes and multiple SFDs.
- McConville, Jennifer R.; Kvarnström, Elisabeth; Maiteki, James M.; Niwagaba, Charles B. (14 September 2019). "Infrastructure investments and operating costs for fecal sludge and sewage treatment systems in Kampala, Uganda". Urban Water Journal. 16 (8): 584–593. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2019.1700290. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- Developed by Peat et al in 2014: 586
- Widely used worldwide: 586
- Safely handled means low risk to public health: 586
- SuSanA hosts a platform with over a 100 examples: 586
- in-depth example
- Komakech, Hans C.; Moyo, Francis; Roda, Oscar Veses; Machunda, Revocatus L.; Smith, Kyla M.; Gautam, Om P.; Cairncross, Sandy (10 September 2019). "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (18): 2–17. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183328. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- in-depth example
- Peal, Andy; Evans, Barbara; Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Heymans, Chris (1 September 2014). "Fecal sludge management (FSM): analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 4 (3): 371–383. doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.139. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- "The SFD Manual". sfd.susana.org. Retrieved 25 February 2024.