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Zakariyya al-Ansari

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Abū Yaḥyā b. Muḥammad b. Zakariyyā, Zayn al-Dīn al-Sunaykī (Arabic: زكريا الأنصاري) also known as Zakariyyā al-Ansārī was an Egyptian Sunni polymath.[3][4] He is considered the leading specialist in fiqh, usul al-fiqh, hadith, usul al-hadith, tafsir, ulum al-Qur'an (Qur'anic sciences), Qu'ranic recitation, grammar, linguistic, rhetoric, philology, history, literature, genealogy, kalam (Islamic theology), logic and Sufism. He also excelled in other sciences such as medicine, engineering, astronomy, and mathematics.[5]

Zakariyyā al-Ansārī
زكريا الأنصاري
TitleShaykh al-Islam[1]
Personal
Born(823 AH/1420 AD)
Sunayki, Mamluk Sultanate
Died(926 AH/1520 AD)
Cairo, Ottoman Empire
ReligionIslam
RegionEgypt
DenominationSunni
SchoolShafi'i[1]
CreedAsh'ari[2]
Main interest(s)Aqidah, Kalam (Islamic theology), Fiqh, Usul al-Fiqh, Hadith, Usul al-Hadith, Tafsir, Qira'at, Arabic grammar, Linguistic, Rhetoric, Philology, History, Literature, Genealogy, Seerah, Tasawwuf, Logic, Mathematics, Scientific terminology, Medicine, Astronomy
Notable work(s)Fath al-Ilah al-Majid bi-Idhah Sharh al-'Aqa'id
Alma materAl-Azhar University
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

He is described as the most renowned and revered scholar, judge and teacher of his time.[6] He is highly regarded for his profound knowledge in all of the sciences and his books of various subjects became a reference for later scholars.[7] He is deemed to be the mujaddid of the 9th century Hijri.[8] He is regarded as the mujtahid and foremost authority in the Shafi'i school.[9] According to the Shafi'i tradition, the most famous usage for "Shaykh al-Islām" is with Zakariyya al-Ansari.

Biography

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Birth

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He was born in or around 1420 CE, in Sunayki, located in the Egyptian province of Sharqiyya.[10]: 29 

Education

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During his adolescence, al-Ansārī moved to Cairo to study at al-Azhar University. He lived in such poverty there, that he would venture out into the night in search of water faucets and the rinds of watermelon.[10]: 31  However, according to al-Ansārī's own account, after a few years at al-Azhar, a mill worker came to his aid. He provided the young al-Ansārī with money for his food, clothing and books. al-Ansārī told of a remarkable encounter with his benefactor told him,

Zakariyyā, you will live to see all of your peers die, and your prestige will rise, and for many years you will occupy the highest post of Islam, and your students will become the shaykhs of Islam during your lifetime – when you go blind.[10]: 31 

Teachers

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Zakariya al-Ansari learned from many scholars from different backgrounds and they are more than one hundred and fifty sheikhs, as mentioned in his book “Thabit Zakariya al-Ansari”.[11] His most famous teachers were amongst the leading experts of various sacred sciences.[10]: 29 

Career

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Teaching position

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Zakariyya al-Ansari held a number of teaching positions, where he taught in Cairo for eighty years,[12] during which he moved between different schools over his long career, educating in the different Islamic sciences. He was appointed the most prestigious position such as teaching the shrine of Imam al-Shafi'i, and there was no higher position in Egypt than this job.[5] He also served as the head master of Al-Azhar University.

Judiciary position

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He served as the chief judge of Egypt titled; Qadi al-Qudat literally "judge of judges" which was the highest post you could serve as a judge.[13] He originally refused this post until Sultan Qaitbay insisted to accept his request, and the dignitaries of the state came to him seeking his approval. Zakariyya had no choice but to agree to this after all the urgency, so that Al-Ashraf Qaytbay said to him: “If you want, I will walk in front of you until I take you to your house.” He agreed and stipulated some things which were privately discussed and both had to discuss their terms to come to the middle ground.[5][14]

He proceeded with his work with complete integrity and apparent chastity, and he was not afraid encourage good and forbid evil, and he often burdened the advice of Sultan Qaitbay, He continued in this position for twenty years throughout the reign of Sultan Qaitbay, which is a remarkable phenomenon in his era, as it is considered a very long period for other judges.[5][15] Najm al-Din al-Ghazi said: “He was the ruler of the regions and positions, and Sultan Qaytbay appointed him to judge the judges, and he did not accept him except after a complete review, then he was dismissed from the judiciary because of his insult to the sultan with injustice, and he rebuked him for it explicitly and exposure.”[16]

In the year 906 AH, Zakariya al-Ansari was dismissed from the judiciary, and this was during the time of Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri. This is because he used to rebuke al-Ghawri for injustice a lot, and the words were heavy on him, but it did not take long until he returned to the judiciary after the strong insistence of the princes, and he continued in it for five months, then he isolated himself when he felt that he was unable to carry out the burdens of the judiciary, due to his old age, His eyesight weakened, and his body atrophied, and this was in the same year (906 AH).[17]

Students

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Zakariya al-Ansari in his era was very famous, and his fame reached all aspects of the cities of Islam, so students of knowledge came to him from all sides, apprenticing him, and benefiting from his abundant and different knowledge, and he reached a stage in his era that he was singled out for the shortest chain of the isnad, so a very large number took from him.[5] His most famous students became world-class authorities in their own right;[18]

Death

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Zakariya al-Ansari died at the age of 100 years old, he spent all of those years in knowledge, teaching and the judging, and he died in Cairo at the year of 823/1420.[14]

After the death of Zakaria al-Ansari, he was washed on Thursday morning, shrouded and carried in the morning, and he was prayed for at Al-Azhar Mosque in the presence of an countless number of judges, scholars, righteous people, saints, and the general public, and the King of Princes prayed for him then he carried his coffin and those with him from the princes, and the princes walked in front of him And judges, and scholars, and the elite, and the common people.[19] His funeral was famous, and countless people witnessed it, and he was buried in the small cave near the grave of Imam Al-Shafi’i, who was affiliated with his school of thought, and was one of his imams and scholars.[20] Al-Sha'rani said: “His funeral was well-known. Al-Alai said He was buried in the minor yard in the soil of Sheikh Najm al-Din al-Khuishati, near the tomb of Imam Al-Shafi’i, in a new watering can built by Judge Sharaf al-Din Qarib ibn Abi al-Mansur for himself, may God Almighty have mercy on him."[16]

A funeral prayer was also offered in absentia after the Friday prayer at the Grand Mosque, and an obituary was mourned in Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, and his countless merits and virtues, and his famous qualities, were mentioned. He was also prayed in absentia at the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, and people regretted his loss a lot.[5][21]

Reception

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Al-Sha'rani says: “He became the most representative of the people of his time, and the chief of scholars among his peers, and he was blessed with life, knowledge and work, and he was given luck.”[16]

Ibn Hajar al-Haytami said: "I introduced our sheikh Zakariyya; Because he is the most honoured of those upon whom my sight fell from among the working scholars and the inherited imams, and higher than those from whom I have narrated and studied among the wise jurists and engineers, for he is the pillar of the supreme scholars. Allah’s argument over mankind, the bearer of the Shafi’i school of thought on its shoulder, the liberator of its problems, and the revealer of its intricacies, in its first and foremost, attached The grandchildren of the ancestors, unique in the height of the isnad, how and there was no one in his era except those who took from him orally or through or through multiple means, but it happened to some of them that he took from him orally at times and from others. Between him and him there are about seven intermediaries at other times, and this has no equal in any of the people of His era, so yes, this distinction, which is more appropriate for the imams. Because he gained the capacity of his students and followers, and the large number of those who took from him, and the continuity of benefiting from him."[7]

His contemporary, Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, said: “Zakariyya, the sheikh of Islam, excelled and mastered, and took the path of Sufism. Tongue and silence."[22]

Najm al-Din al-Ghazzi said : “The Imam, the Sheikh of the Sheikhs of Islam, the sign of the investigators, the understanding of the verifiers, the tongue of the theologians, the Imam of the jurists and the hadith scholars, the memorizer who is specific to the height of the chains of narrators, and the attachment of the descendants to the ancestors, the scholar, the worker, the complete guardian, the one who combines the law and the truth, and the traveller to God.” Come, I uphold the paths of the way, our Lord and Master, the Chief of Judges, one of the swords of truth.”[16]

Works

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The topics of Zakaria al-Ansari's writings varied greatly, as he did not leave an art from the arts of Sharia, its instruments, and other various sciences that were taught in his era, such as medicine, engineering, astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and others, except that he classified them. In the classification, he followed the path of the scholars of his time, as it was most of them in that era to abbreviate the books of the predecessors in the form of texts to make it easier for students of knowledge to memorize them, or explain the abbreviated texts to clarify their meanings and remove ambiguity and ambiguity from their expression and manifestation, or put footnotes, which are notes and comments on explanations or fatwa books.[5]

The Indian scholar and researcher, Abdul Qadir al-Aidarous said: “And he wrote in many sciences, such as jurisprudence, interpretation, hadith, grammar, language, morphology, meanings, statement, beautiful, logic, and medicine, and he has a long tradition in Sufism, and he wrote in duties, arithmetic, algebra, interview, form, geometry, etc. Other than that."[7]

Major works

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Qur'an and its Sciences:

  • I'rab al-Quran al-'Adhim ("Syntax of the Great Qur'an")
  • Ghazw al-Jalil Bibayan Khafiin, 'Anwar al-Wahi ("Conquest of the Galilee with a hidden statement, the lights of revelation"), a footnote of Tafsir al-Baydawi by Al-Baydawi.
  • Taliqat Mardiyah ala Daqaiq Muhkamah ("Satisfying Commentaries on the Accurate Minutes in Explaining Al-Muqaddimah Al-Jazari"), a commentary of the Al-Muqaddimah by Ibn al-Jazari.
  • Fath al-Rahman Bikashf Ghumud al-Qu'ran ("Opening the Most Gracious by revealing the ambiguities of the Qur’an")

Hadith and its Sciences:

  • Tuhfat al-Bari mae Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari ("The masterpiece of Al-Bari with an explanation of Sahih Al-Bukhari"), a commentary of Sahih Bukhari by Al-Bukhari.
  • Fath al-Baqi Biwasita Sharh al-Alfiyyah al-Iraqi ("Open the rest by explaining the Iraqi millennium"), is an explanation of Alfiyyah al-Hadith by Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi.
  • Fath al-Alam Bi-Sharh al-Alam bi Hadith al-Ahkam ("Opening the flag by explaining the media")

Creed, Theology and Logic:

  • Fath al-Ilah al-Majid bi-Idhah Sharh al-'Aqa'id ("Opening the Majestic God by clarifying the explanation of beliefs"), a commentary of Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya by Al-Taftazani.
  • Afkar Rayeyt fi Sharh 'Anwar al-'Anwar ("Brilliant Ideas in Explanation of the Lights of Lights"), a commentary of Tawali' al-Anwar min Matali' al-Anzar by Al-Baydawi.
  • Al-Matla' Sharh Isaghuji ("Insider Explanation of Isaghuji"), an explanation of the science of logic.

Jurisprudence:

  • Asna Al-Matalib fi Sharh Rawdat al-Talib ("The requirement explanation of Rawdat al-Talib"), commentary of Rawdatu Talibin by Al-Nawawi.
  • Manhaj at-Tullab fi Fiqh al-Imam ash-Shafi'i ("Manhaj al-Tullab in the jurisprudence of Imam al-Shafi’i"), a summary of Minhaj al-Talibin by Al-Nawawi.
  • Tahrir Tanqih al-Labab ("Students’ Masterpiece"), an abbreviation of the book "Refining the pulp" by Wali al-Din al-'Iraqi.
  • Al-Gharar Al-Bahia fi Sharh Al-Bahha Al-Wardiyyah ("Al-Gharar Al-Bahia in Explanation of the Rosary Delight System"), which is an explanation of the Rosary Delight system by Ibn al-Wardi.
  • Nihayat al-Hudaa li Tahrir al-Aiktifa ("The end of guidance to the liberation of sufficiency"), a commentary of the science of imposition by Ibn al-Masri.
  • Al-'Iilam Waliahtimam bi Jame al-Fatawaa ("Media and interest in collecting the rulings")

Principles of Islamic jurisprudence:

  • Al-Hadaf min al-Wusul 'Iilaa Sharh lil 'Usul al-'Asasia ("The goal of reaching an explanation of the core assets"), an abbreviation of Jam' al-Jawami' fi 'Ilm Usul al-Fiqh by Taj al-Din al-Subki.
  • Sharh Fath al-Rahman Qasu al-Ajlan" ("Fath Al-Rahman Explanation of Laqtat al-Ajlan"), a commentary of Laqtat al-Ajlan by Al-Zarkashi.

Arabic language and its Sciences

  • Al-Wusul 'Ilaa al-Rabi bi Sharh al-Judhur a-Dhahabia ("Reaching the Lord with an Explanation of Golden roots"), a book on grammar and a commentary of The Roots Of Gold In Knowing The Words Of The Arabs by Ibn Hisham al-Ansari.
  • Al-Durar al-Saniyyah fi Sharh al-Alfiyyah ("Al-Durar al-Saniyya explaining the millennium"), a footnote to Badr al-Din bin Malik's commentary of Alfiyyah Ibn Malik by Ibn Malik.
  • Turuq Munasibat li Sharh al-Maailij ("Occasional ways to explain Al-Maailij"), a commentary of Al-Maailij by Ibn al-Hajib.

Sufism and acclamation

  • Ahkam al-Dalalah Tahrir al-Risala ("Tightness signifying the editing of the message"), an explanation of Al-Risala by Al-Qushayri.[23]
  • Al-Zabduh al-Ianiqah fi Sharh al-Burdah al-Faraiqah ("The elegant butter in the explanation of Al-Burdah Al-Faraiqah"), a commentary of Al-Burda by Al-Busiri.
  • Al-Futuhat al-'Iilahiat fi Salih al-Nufus al-Bashariati ("Divine conquests in the benefit of human souls")

Other subjects

  • Fath al-Mubdi ("Open the temples") on Algebra.
  • Hudud 'Aniqat Wataerifat Daqiqatun ("Elegant borders and subtle definitions")
  • Al-Lu'lu' Al-Nazim in learning education.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Bearman, P.J.; Bianquis, Th. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XI (W-Z) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 406. ISBN 9004127569.
  2. ^ Aaron Spevack, The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri, p 80. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. ISBN 143845371X
  3. ^ E, Geoffroy (2012). "Zakariyyāʾ al-Anṣārī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8094. ISBN 9789004161214.
  4. ^ "Adab: The Art of Doing Things Right". irshad.org.uk. 27 June 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Biography of Shaykh al-Islam Zain al-Din Zakariyya al-Asnari" (PDF) (in Arabic). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2020.
  6. ^ Conermann, Stephan (2014). Everything is on the Move The Mamluk Empire as a Node in (trans-)regional Networks. V&r Academic. p. 152. ISBN 9783847102748.
  7. ^ a b c "Al-Aidarous, p. 115" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  8. ^ Mahrusillah, Mohamad (23 November 2022). Fiqh Neurostorytelling Tradisi Lisan Pengajaran Fatḥ al-Mu'īn di Banten. Penerbit A-Empat. p. 139. ISBN 9786236289754.
  9. ^ dar el fikr, ‎الطبري, islamicbooks (8 January 2019). "Actions are by Intentions - إنما الأعمال بالنيات)". p. 26.
  10. ^ a b c d Drewes, Gerardus Willebrordus Joannes (1977). Directions for travellers on the mystic path: Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī's Kitāb fatḥ al-raḥmān and its Indonesian adaptations: with an appendix on Palembang manuscripts and authors. The Hague: Nijhoff.
  11. ^ "Al-Sakhawi, Part 3, p. 235" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  12. ^ "The Dictionary of Arabized and Arabized Publications, Youssef Elian Sarkis, Sarkis Press, Egypt, 1346 AH / 1928 AD, Volume 2, p. 484" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  13. ^ McGregor, Richard J. A. (28 May 2020). Islam and the Devotional Object Seeing Religion in Egypt and Syria. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 9781108483841.
  14. ^ a b "Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali, Volume 10, p. 187" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020.
  15. ^ "Al-Sakhawi, Part 3, p. 238" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d "Al-Ghazi, Part 1, p. 20" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  17. ^ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Abd al-Wahhab al-Shaarani, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, Beirut, first edition, 1418 AH / 1997 AD, p. 453
  18. ^ "Intermediate Islamic Logic Zakariyya al-Ansari's Commentary on the Isaghuji Explained". academy.seekersguidance.org.
  19. ^ Index of Indexes, Evidence, and Lexicon of Dictionaries, Sheikhdoms, and Series, Abd al-Hay al-Kattani, Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, second edition, 1402 AH / 1982 AD, Vol. 1, p. 458
  20. ^ Bada’i al-Zuhur, Ibn Iyas, vol. 5, p. 371
  21. ^ Accidents of time and deaths of elders and peers, Ibn al-Homsi, p. 546
  22. ^ "[Al-Aqyan organized in the notables of notables, Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, The Scientific Library, Beirut, p. 113" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 22 August 2019.
  23. ^ "tasawwuf al-Ansari". Sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
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