The Yawa languages, also known as Yapen languages,[1] are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa (or Yava) and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language (and thus a language isolate). They are spoken on central Yapen Island and nearby islets, in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian Papua, which they share with the Austronesian Yapen languages.
| Yawan | |
|---|---|
| Yapen | |
| Geographic distribution | central Yapen Island, Cenderawasih Bay |
| Linguistic classification | West Papuan or independent language family
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | yawa1259 |
 | |
Yawa proper had 6000 speakers in 1987. Saweru has been variously reported to be partially intelligible with other dialects of Yawa and to be considered a dialect of Yawa by its speakers, and to be too divergent for intelligibility and to be perceived as a separate language. It is moribund, spoken by 150 people out of an ethnic group of 300.
Classification
editC. L. Voorhoeve tentatively linked Yawa with the East Geelvink Bay languages in his Geelvink Bay proposal. However, the relationship would be a distant one at best, and Mark Donohue felt in 2001 that Yawa had not been shown to be related to any other language. Reesink (2005) notes resemblances with East Bird's Head languages.[2] Recently Malcolm Ross made a tentative proposal that Yawa might be part of an Extended West Papuan language phylum. The pronominal resemblances are most apparent when comparing proto-Yawa to the East Bird's Head language Meax:
I thou s/he you Proto-Yawa *rei *uein *wepi *waya Meax didif bua ofa iwa
d~r, b~w, we~o, p~f are all common sound correspondences.
Ethnologue (2009, 2013) takes this a step further, and placed Yawa within West Papuan itself.
Foley (2018) classifies Yawa separately as an independent language family.[1]
Typological overview
editYawa languages are split intransitive languages, which are typologically highly uncommon in New Guinea.[1]
Unlike the Sepik languages, Taiap, and other languages of northern New Guinea, masculine rather than feminine is the unmarked gender, whereas Taiap and the Sepik languages treat feminine as the default unmarked gender. In Yawa languages, feminine is delegated mostly for animate nouns with obvious female sexual characteristics.[1]
Basic vocabulary
editBasic vocabulary of the Yapen languages Yawa and Saweru listed in Foley (2018). The pairs are not necessarily cognate.[1]
Yapen family basic vocabulary gloss Yawa Saweru 'bird' insani/ani aani 'blood' mavu maandi 'bone' pae yai(yae) 'breast' ukam inawam 'ear' amarikoam nama(komu) 'eat' raiʃ andai 'egg' kami aanimpenam 'eye' ami name 'fire' tanam naona 'go' poto ta 'ground' kakopa kakofa 'hair' akarivuiny neyaribiri 'hear' ranaun nau 'leg' ajo inayo 'louse' eme emo 'man' anya rama 'moon' embae emba 'name' tame inatama 'one' ntabo baintawe 'path, road' unandi nar 'see' raen eni 'stone' oraman toman 'sun' uma uma 'tongue' aunan nawanana 'tooth' atomokan natu 'tree' nyoe mot nawao 'two' jirum, rurum wai dinu 'water' mana manaa 'woman' wanya ruama
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[4]
gloss Yawa head akari hair bwin eye nami tooth atu leg najo louse eme dog make pig bugwe bird insane egg kami blood madi bone pae skin kea tree nyo man ana sun uma water karu (?) fire tanam stone oram name tam eat rais one utabo two jiru
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Reesink, Ger P. 2005. West Papuan languages: roots and development. In: Pawley et al. (eds.) 185–218.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
- "Yawa" (PDF). PapuaWeb. Irian Jaya, West Papua, Indonesia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2006-02-11.
Further reading
edit- Gasser, Emily. 2017. Papuan-Austronesian Language Contact on Yapen Island: A Preliminary Account. NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia, no.62, p. 101-155. doi:10.15026/89845