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Hydrocodone/ibuprofen

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Hydrocodone/ibuprofen (INNs), sold under the brand name Vicoprofen, is a fixed-dose combination analgesic medication used in short-term therapy to relieve severe pain.[3][4] Vicoprofen combines the analgesic and antitussive properties of hydrocodone with the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of ibuprofen.[1] In contrast to hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination analgesics such as Vicodin, this hydrocodone/ibuprofen avoids some of the liver toxicity which may occur from acetaminophen, but still presents significant dangers in hydrocodone overdose, namely respiratory depression. Vicoprofen is supplied in a fixed dose combination tablet which contains hydrocodone bitartrate, USP 7.5 mg with ibuprofen, USP 200 mg. Additional strengths of generic Vicoprofen are now available, in combinations of 5 mg/200 mg and 10 mg/200 mg respectively.[5]

Hydrocodone/ibuprofen
Combination of
HydrocodoneOpioid analgesic
IbuprofenNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Clinical data
Trade namesIbudone, Reprexain, Vicoprofen
AHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug Facts
MedlinePlusa601006
License data
Dependence
liability		Moderate
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability>80%
Metabolismfor hydrocodone: liver, CYP3A4; for ibuprofen: liver, CYP2C9
Elimination half-lifefor hydrocodone: 228-294 mins (3.8-4.9 hrs); for ibuprofen: 108-120 mins (1.8-2 hrs)
Excretionfor hydrocodone: urinary; for ibuprofen: urine primarily (<1% unchanged)
Identifiers
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  (verify)
Generic hydrocodone/ibuprofen 7.5/200 mg

Medical uses

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Hydrocodone/ibuprofen has a labeled indication for "short-term (generally <10 days) management of acute pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate".[5][1]

Pregnancy

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Opioids such as hydrocodone cross the placenta, and can therefore affect the fetus. Studies have shown a possible association between opioids and adverse outcomes such as birth defects, poor fetal growth, stillbirth, and preterm delivery. Prolonged use of opioids by a pregnant mother can also lead to neonatal withdrawal syndrome.[5][6] NSAIDs such as ibuprofen should generally be avoided in pregnancy, as there are conflicting reports of birth defects after in utero exposure. However, it is accepted that NSAIDs prevent closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus, which happens during the later stages of pregnancy. Because of this, ibuprofen should be avoided after 30 weeks gestation.[5][6]

Breastfeeding

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Hydrocodone and ibuprofen are excreted in breast milk, so appropriate caution should be taken when prescribing to breastfeeding mothers.[5][6]

Special populations

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There is no evidence to support altered pharmacokinetic properties due to differences in gender or age. However, this drug combination has not been tested in children.[1]

Adverse effects

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See also: Ibuprofen § Adverse effects, and Hydrocodone § Adverse effects

The side effects for hydrocodone/ibuprofen are a combination of the side effects of the component drugs. Side effects experienced in more than 10% of the population taking the drug include: headache, drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, nausea, and dyspepsia.[5]

In the US, the label for hydrocodone/ibuprofen contains a black box warning about addiction, abuse, and misuse.[1][2]

Pharmacology

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Pharmacokinetics

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The two active components of the drug, ibuprofen and hydrocodone, do not affect each other's absorption characteristics or other pharmacokinetic parameters.[1] After an oral dose, the peak level of hydrocodone in the blood is reached 1.7 hours after administration.[1] The blood levels of ibuprofen peak 1.8 hours after oral administration.[1]

History

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Discovery and development

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The patent for Vicoprofen was filed in December 1984, and U.S. patent number 4,587,252 was granted in May 1986.[7] Although ibuprofen and hydrocodone were already available on the market at this time, the fact that they had never been supplied together in a single formulation required approval from the FDA as if it were a new drug. Knoll filed an investigational new drug application on 30 December 1986. A new drug application was later filed by Knoll on 25 April 1996, and received final approval from the FDA on 23 September 1997.[8] Vicoprofen tablets were initially formulated and packaged by Knoll, with ibuprofen supplied by Albemarle Corporation and hydrocodone supplied by Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals.[9]

The validity of Knoll's patent on Vicoprofen has been challenged in federal court. In September 2002, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois granted a motion of invalidity filed by Teva Pharmaceuticals against Knoll's patent on Vicoprofen, ruling the patent was invalid as obvious.[10] This ruling paved the way for Teva's abbreviated new drug application to be approved by the FDA which would allow them to manufacture and market their own generic.[11] Knoll appealed the decision. In April 2003, Teva announced that its abbreviated new drug application had been approved by the FDA, and its generic would begin shipping immediately.[11] In May 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit vacated the previous judgment by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, and the case was remanded back for further court proceedings. Teva continued to sell its generic during this time.[12] The patent for Vicoprofen expired on 18 December 2004, officially opening the drug to generic manufacture.[7] In July 2016, the FDA approved another generic equivalent, manufactured by Aurobindo Pharma Limited.[13]

Ownership and promotion

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Knoll pharmaceuticals, originally founded in Germany in 1886, became a subsidiary of BASF (a German chemical company) in 1975.[14] It was under their control when Vicoprofen was originally developed and approved. In March 2000, Knoll Pharmaceuticals and Abbott Laboratories, an American health care company, announced a co-promotion agreement for Vicoprofen, in which Abbott would promote Vicoprofen to its network of buyers, including physicians, hospitals, and surgical centers.[15] In June 2002, Abbott Laboratories, paid $6.9 billion to acquire the entire Knoll pharmaceutical unit from BASF, including Vicoprofen.[16]

DEA classification

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Vicoprofen was originally approved as a schedule III drug, but was later reclassified to a schedule II drug based on the DEA reclassification of hydrocodone containing products effective 6 October 2014.[17]

Research

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The new drug application for Vicoprofen was approved based on data from both single and multiple dose analgesia trials.

The single dose analgesia studies occurred in multiple surgical settings, including dental, back, and abdominal/gynecologic surgery in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. There were 1,537 patients enrolled over all trials, with 79% of the participants being female. There were 10 single dose analgesia trials included in the new drug application. All studies were similarly designed: after completion of a procedure in which pain was rated as moderate or severe, patients would be randomized into various treatment groups. The treatment groups included: ibuprofen only, hydrocodone only, Vicoprofen (hydrocodone/ibuprofen), and placebo. The participant's pain would then be tracked over the next several hours by the self reporting of pain scores.[1]

There were four multiple dose trials included in the new drug application. These studies were all completed in the U.S., in settings including burn unit, post-operatively, and chronic pain settings. A total of 683 patients were enrolled in all of the multiple dose trials, with 57% of the participants being women. These studies also looked at self reported pain intensities over a 5-day period of multiple dosing. In these studies, patients were either given the trial drug Vicoprofen or one of two an active controls: codeine with acetaminophen (Tylenol #3) or oxycodone with acetaminophen (Percocet), depending on the trial. Patients were allowed to take a dose as needed but no more than every 4 to 6 hours for up to 5 days. These trials measured efficacy based on parameters including self reported pain scores, number of doses used, and duration of treatment.[1]

Society and culture

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Cost

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The average wholesale price (AWP) of generic Vicoprofen varies based on the strength of the preparation. Pricing data gathered from Lexicomp in October 2017 indicates the AWP for a 100 count bottle of 7.5 mg/200 mg strength to be $114.62, a 100 count of 5 mg/200 mg strength to be $356.62 and a 100 count of 10 mg/200 mg strength to be $470.35.[5] These prices are all for generic equivalents of Vicoprofen.

Utilization

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In 2003, at the time of the approval announcement for the first generic equivalent, it was reported that annual sales of brand name Vicoprofen totaled $104 million.[11] According to IMS, the hydrocodone/ibuprofen tablets 7.5 mg/200 mg, had an estimated market size of $15.7 million for the 12 months preceding May 2016.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Vicoprofen- hydrocodone bitartrate and ibuprofen tablet, coated". DailyMed. 12 August 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Reprexain- hydrocodone bitartrate, ibuprofen tablet, film coated; Reprexain- hydrocodone bitartrate, ibuprofen tablet". DailyMed. 27 October 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Hydrocodone and Ibuprofen (Professional Patient Advice)". Drugs.com. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Vicoprofen: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects". Drugs.com. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Hydrocodone/Ibuprofen". online.lexi.com. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "Hydrocodone / ibuprofen Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  7. ^ a b "United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit - The Arnold Partnership v. Jon Dudas". www.uspto.gov. 24 March 2004. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  8. ^ "Approval Package for NDA 20716" (PDF). www.fda.gov. 23 September 1997. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  9. ^ Yaciw C (18 November 1996). "NDA 20716 Chemistry Review" (PDF). www.fda.gov. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  10. ^ Teva Pharmaceuticals (12 September 2002). "Judge Grants Teva Summary Judgment of Invalidity for Patent Related to Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Ibuprofen Tablets". Press Release. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Teva Pharmaceuticals (14 April 2003). "Teva Announces Approval of Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Ibuprofen Tablets". Press Release. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  12. ^ Teva Pharmaceuticals (19 May 2004). "Teva Comments On The Court Of Appeals Decision Regarding Generic Version Of Vicoprofen®". Press Release. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  13. ^ Aurobindo LTD (May 2016). "Aurobindo receives final FDA Approval for Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Ibuprofen Tablets (C-II)". Press Release. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  14. ^ BASF Corporation (15 December 2000). "Pharma Business Sold for 6.9 Billion". BASF Press Release. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Abbott And Knoll Sign Co-Promotion Agreement". www.evaluategroup.com. 3 March 2000. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  16. ^ Burton TM (15 December 2000). "Abbott Laboratories Agrees to Buy BASF's Knoll Pharmaceutical Unit". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  17. ^ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products From Schedule III to Schedule II". www.usdoj.gov. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Aurobindo receives final FDA Approval for Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Ibuprofen Tablets (C-II)". www.aurobindousa.com/. May 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
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