Windows 3.1 is a major release of Microsoft Windows. It was released to manufacturing on April 6, 1992, as a successor to Windows 3.0.
Version of the Microsoft Windows operating system | |
![]() | |
![]() Screenshot of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 | |
Developer | Microsoft |
---|---|
OS family | Microsoft Windows |
Source model | Closed source |
Released to manufacturing | April 6, 1992 |
Latest release | 3.11 / November 8, 1993 |
License | Commercial software |
Preceded by | Windows 3.0 (1990) |
Succeeded by |
|
Support status | |
Retail | Unsupported as of December 31, 2001 |
WFW 3.11 embedded | Unsupported as of November 1, 2008 |
Like its predecessors, the Windows 3.1 series ran as a shell on top of MS-DOS. Windows 3.1 introduced the TrueType font system as a competitor to Adobe Type Manager. Its multimedia was also expanded, and screensavers were introduced, alongside new software such as Windows Media Player and Sound Recorder. File Manager and Control Panel received tweaks, while Windows 3.1 also saw the introduction of the Windows Registry and add-ons. Windows 3.1 was the last Windows 16-bit operating environment and it could run more RAM in comparison with its predecessors.
Microsoft also released special versions of Windows 3.1 throughout 1992 and 1993; in Europe and Japan, Windows 3.1 was introduced with more language support, while Tandy Video Information System received a special version, called Modular Windows. In November 1993, Windows 3.11 was released as a minor update, while Windows 3.2 was released as a Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[a] Microsoft also introduced Windows for Workgroups, the first version of Windows to allow integrated networking. Mostly oriented towards businesses, it received network improvements and it allowed users to share files, use print servers, and chat online, while it also introduced peer-to-peer networking.
The series is considered to be an improvement on its predecessors. It was praised for its reinvigoration of the user interface and technical design. Windows 3.1 sold over three million copies during the first three months of its release, although its counterpart Windows for Workgroups was noted as a "business disappointment" due to its small amount of sold copies. It was succeeded by Windows 95, and Microsoft ended the support for Windows 3.1 series on December 31, 2001, except for the embedded version, which was retired in 2008.
Development history
editWindows 3.0, the predecessor of 3.1, was released in 1990, and is considered to be the first version of Windows to receive critical acclaim.[2][3] Windows 3.0 received around 10 million sales before the release of Windows 3.1 on April 6, 1992.[2][4] Microsoft began a television advertising campaign for the first time on March 1, 1992. The advertisements, developed by Ogilvy & Mather, were designed to introduce a broader audience to Windows.[5]
Windows 3.1 was codenamed Janus.[6] Like its predecessors, the operating environment runs as a shell on top of MS-DOS, although it does not include the MS-DOS Executive shell.[4][7][8]: 3 After the introduction of Windows 1.0, Microsoft had worked on gaining support from companies to expand its operating environment on different types of PCs.[4] Tandy Corporation was open to shipping Tandy Sensation PCs with the Windows 3.1 operating environment.[4][9] IBM and its PCs were also provided with Windows 3.1.[10]
Release versions and features
editWindows 3.1
editFurther enhancements were introduced in Windows 3.1. The TrueType font system was introduced to provide scalable fonts to Windows applications, without having to resort on using third-party technology such as Adobe Type Manager (ATM).[4][11] Windows 3.1 introduced Arial, Courier New, and Times New Roman fonts, in regular, bold, italic, and bold-italic versions, which could be scaled to any size and rotated, depending on the application.[12][13]
To improve user interaction, Microsoft initiated warning and event sounds, and introduced computer command shortcuts for copy, cut, and paste. Windows 3.1 is also noted for its improvement of multimedia; screensavers, Windows Media Player, and Sound Recorder were introduced into the operating environment.[4] These features were already present on the Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions version, although they were only available to users with newly bought PCs. The Media Player could play MIDI music files and AVI video files, while the Sound Recorder could play, record, and edit sound files that were affiliated with the WAV format.[4][14]: 21 Minesweeper was officially introduced in Windows 3.1 as a replacement for Reversi, alongside Solitaire.[4][15][16] MS-DOS programs were previously not able to be controlled with a mouse; this ended up being introduced in Windows 3.1.[15] Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) was added to allow drag-and-drop embedding of images and formatted text between Windows programs.[17][18] SVGA color support was also introduced in this version.[10]
File Manager had also received tweaks; split view-mode was introduced, users were now able to browse files without having to open separate windows, while files were able to be dragged and dropped to other locations on the system.[19]: 11 An option for quick formatting was introduced to format floppy disks and copy its files without having to quit Windows.[14]: 19 File Manager is an MDI application that is used for moving, deleting, and managing files on the system.[7] Microsoft also built Microsoft Bob, a utility that would act as a search assistant, on Windows 3.1, only for it to be released on Windows 95 in 1995.[20][21] The introduction of Windows Registry, a centralized database that could store configuration information and settings for various operating systems components and applications, also occurred in this version.[4][13] The Control Panel also received changes; its items were now hard-coded, and additional items could be added by placing additional .cpl files.[4][7] Similarly, the Calendar uses the .cal extension.[22]: 154 Printer management tasks were moved over to Control Panel and Print Manager. Several printer drivers were improved in Windows 3.1, making the Print Manager more efficient to use.[14]: 20 Windows 3.1 also includes troubleshooting and diagnostic tools such as the Dr. Watson utility which saves information about application errors, and Microsoft Diagnostics.[23][24]
Windows 3.1 also includes add-ons; Video for Windows was introduced in November 1992 as a reaction to Apple's QuickTime technology.[25] At the price of $200, the software included editing and encoding programs.[26][27] It was later built into Windows 95.[28] Microsoft also published Windows for Pen Computing, a pen computing interface which was created in response to PenPoint OS by GO Corporation.[29][30] The operating environment was also given limited compatibility with the then-new 32-bit Windows API, by introducing Win32s, an enabling technology.[31] Microsoft also provided WinG, an application program interface, to entice developers to move from DOS to Windows.[32] It also provided a device-independent interface to graphics and printer hardware, and allowed programs to have both read and write capabilities to the WinGDC.[33]
Unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 couldn't run in real mode and it insisted on the use of 80286 processors or above. Because of this, the maximum memory available was increased.[13][34] While Windows 3.0 was limited to 16 MB maximum memory, Windows 3.1 could access a theoretical 4 GB in the 386 enhanced mode. The actual practical ceiling is 256 MB.[35] Like its predecessors, it runs as a 16-bit version of Windows; Windows 3.1 is also the last Windows to run on a 16-bit version.[18][36] It is also the first Windows to be distributed on a CD-ROM.[13][15] The setup interface was simplified; express mode was introduced to automatically set up Windows.[14]: 22 Windows 3.1 also includes an online tutorial applet for users regarding the use of the Windows 3.1 user interface.[14]: 20
Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe
editA special version named "Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe" introduced eleven languages to Windows 3.1.[37] It also provided support for the Cyrillic script.[38] To use Czech, Hungarian, and Polish terminologies this version was required, while to use Russian terminologies a Russian version of Windows 3.1 was needed.[39] Similarly, Microsoft also released Windows 3.1J with support for Japanese, which shipped 1.46 million copies in its first year on the market (1993) in Japan.[40]
Modular Windows
editModular Windows was built for real-time consumer electronics, and was designed to be controlled via television.[41][42] It was a special version of Windows 3.1, which was designed to run on Tandy Video Information System; it allowed users to run multimedia software without having to buy a personal computer.[43][44] It also contained a software development kit (SDK) for programmers to write applications that would run on devices that have Modular Windows. The SDK was sold for $99.[45] Modular Windows was discontinued in 1994.[46]
Windows 3.11
editReleased on November 8, 1993, Windows 3.11 was introduced with fixes for network problems which were present on Windows 3.1.[47] As a minor update, new features were not present in this version. It also did not run on IBM's OS/2 for Windows.[48][49] Windows 3.11 allowed users to connect to each other as peers to share the resources of their computers.[50] Microsoft replaced all retail and OEM versions of Windows 3.1 with Windows 3.11 and provided a free upgrade to anyone who owned Windows 3.1.[47]
Windows 3.2
editAn updated Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1 was released in November 1993, as Windows 3.2.[51][52] The update was limited to this language version, as it only fixed issues related to the complex input system for the Simplified Chinese language.[51] A font editor is present in Windows 3.2; it is used to add new Chinese characters to the already-existing fonts.[53]
Windows for Workgroups
editWindows for Workgroups served as an update to Windows 3.1, and it was the first version of Windows that was suitable for integrated networking.[54][55] Initially developed as an add-on for Windows 3.0, it was later released in 1992. It introduced drivers and protocols for peer-to-peer networking.[56] Windows for Workgroups was mostly oriented towards businesses.[4]
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
editThe first version of Windows for Workgroups, 3.1, was released on October 27, 1992.[57] Codenamed Winball and Sparta, it allows users to share files, use print servers, and chat online; files could be accessed from other machines that run either Windows or DOS.[58] The Microsoft Hearts card game was also added, while Object Linking and Embedding, which was implemented in Windows 3.1, was also included in the Windows for Workgroups version.[59][60] The Workgroups version also introduced the Microsoft Mail program, which allowed users to receive and send email, and Microsoft Schedule+, a time management app.[58][59]
Windows for Workgroups could also be accessed from an OS/2 client that uses the Server Message Block (SMB), a protocol used for sharing files and printers over local networks.[61][62] It introduced support for the NetBEUI protocol.[63] The price sat at $69 for Windows 3.1 users.[64]
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
editThe other version, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, was released on November 8, 1993.[65][66] It was codenamed Snowball, and it introduced support for 32-bit file access, drive sharing, and group calendaring.[67][68] It also has built-in fax capabilities.[69]
It received network improvements; a Winsock package was released for Windows for Workgroups, although it was later replaced by a 32-bit stack add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that provided TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[70][71][72] Its connectivity with NetWare networks was increased, while it also introduced support for Open Data-Link Interface cards and Internetwork Packet Exchange drivers. Remote access service was introduced as a product for users to remotely access Windows NT and its Advanced Server networks.[69]
It runs in 80386 enhanced mode, and it supports the use of network redirectors.[54]: 56 [73] It was sold in two versions; the complete package cost $219 while the "Workgroup Add-on for Windows" cost $69.[68]
System requirements
editThe official system requirements for Windows 3.1 and subsequent versions include the following:
Windows 3.1[8]: 18–24 [14]: 13 | Modular Windows[74] | Windows for Workgroups[75]: xviii–xix | |
---|---|---|---|
CPU | 80286 processor for standard mode, 80386 or higher for enhanced mode | 80386 processor or higher | 386SX processor or higher |
RAM | 1 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory) | 4 MB of memory | 3 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory) |
Storage | A hard disk with at least 6.5 MB of free space (8 MB for enhanced mode users), and at least one floppy disk drive | A hard disk with at least 20 MB of free space | A hard disk with at least 8 MB of free space (14 MB needed for a complete installation), and at least one floppy disk drive |
Video | VGA adapter | VGA-NTSC adapter | VGA adapter |
Network | Optional hardware includes a Hayes, MultiTech, TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem if user wants to connect to a network | An adapter card with Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) driver, optional hardware includes a Hayes, MultiTech, TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem | |
OS | MS-DOS 3.1 or higher | MS-DOS 3.22 or higher and Windows 3.1 | MS-DOS 3.3 or higher, computers that act as servers require MS-DOS 5.0 or higher |
Mouse | A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required |
To use a printer or to run Windows on a network, additional 2.5 MB of free space will be needed on the hard drive.[8]: 19 The amount of RAM is dependent on software that runs on the PC; if the user is on the network and if the network requires a lot of memory, more RAM will be needed.[8]: 21 Windows 3.1 includes more drivers for printers than its predecessor.[8]: 25 It is also possible to connect to a network using Windows 3.1 via Hayes, Multi-Tech, or Trail Blazer modems.[8]: 26 [14]: 14
Reception
editWindows 3.1 is considered to be more stable and multimedia-friendly in comparison with its predecessor, while its user interface was reinvigorated.[34] It has been shown as an improvement, and it possesses more features in comparison with its rival IBM OS/2 2.0, which launched a month earlier than Windows 3.1.[4] InfoWorld rated the operating environment a "very good" value.[76] Windows for Workgroups received lukewarm reception; it has been praised for its technical design, but it has been also noted as a "business disappointment" due to its small amount of sold copies.[77]
Regarding the marketplace, Windows 3.1 had received an enthusiastic reception; its retail price sat at $149, and over three million copies of Windows 3.1 were sold in the first three months.[10][78][79] The year of Windows 3.1's release was successful for Microsoft, which was named the "Most Innovative Company Operating in the U.S." by Fortune magazine, while Windows became the most widely used GUI-based operating environment.[80]
Microsoft ended its support for Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups on December 31, 2001, although the embedded version of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was retired on November 1, 2008.[81][82][83] The operating environment was superseded by Windows NT 3.1, which was released in 1993, and Windows 95 in 1995.[84][85]
DR-DOS compatibility
editThe installer of the beta release used code that checked whether it was running on Microsoft-licensed DOS or another DOS operating system, such as DR-DOS.[86] It was known as AARD code, and Microsoft disabled it before the final release of Windows 3.1, though without removing it altogether.[87] Digital Research, who owned DR-DOS, released a patch within weeks to allow the installer to continue.[88] Memos that were released during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case in 1999 revealed that Microsoft specifically focused it on DR-DOS.[89] When Caldera bought DR-DOS from Novell, they brought a lawsuit against Microsoft over the AARD code, which was later settled with Microsoft paying $280 million.[90][91]
Legacy
editWindows 3.1 found a niche market as an embedded operating system after becoming obsolete in the PC world. By 2008, both Virgin Atlantic and Qantas employed it for some of the onboard entertainment systems on long-distance jets. It also sees continued use as an embedded OS in retail cash tills.[92] On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named "Linux For Workgroups" as a tongue-in-cheek reference to Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[93]
In November 2015, the failure of a Windows 3.1 system in Orly Airport in Paris, which was responsible for communicating visual range information in foggy weather to pilots, made operations temporarily cease. Whether the failure was hardware- or software-based is not specified, though the highlighting of the operating system suggests a software failure.[94][95] In 2016, the Internet Archive organization released Windows 3.1 as an emulated environment in a web browser.[96]
In January 2024, German state-owned national railway company Deutsche Bahn posted a job listing for a system administrator with "knowledge of legacy operating systems". The main responsibilities listed in the post were maintenance of the old system and driver updates. The need for the continued use of Windows 3.11 could apparently be traced back to Siemens' SIBAS (Siemens Bahn Automatisierungs System) automation system used to control trains. The job post was retracted due to "unfortunate wording".[97][98]
See also
edit- History of Microsoft Windows
- Windows NT, the technology behind its successor Windows NT 3.1
- Windows 9x, the technology behind its successor Windows 95
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Collin, S. M. H. (1997). Dictionary of Personal Computing and the Internet. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 201. ISBN 9781579580162.
- ^ a b Lendino, Jamie (November 20, 2015). "Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective". ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Alec (November 20, 2014). "It Took Microsoft 3 Tries Before Windows Was Successful". Time. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edwards, Benj (April 6, 2022). "Windows 3.1 Turns 30: Here's How It Made Windows Essential". How-To Geek. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Microsoft History 1992". Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 17, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Internet Archive
- ^ McFedries, Paul (2006). Microsoft Windows Vista Unveiled. Indianapolis: Sams Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 0132715368.
For Windows, the practice began with Windows 3.1, which used the codename Janus.
- ^ a b c Lineback, Nathan. "Windows 3.1". ToastyTech. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Mullen, Robert (1992). Windows 3.1 revealed. Paul Hoffman, Barrie A. Sosinsky (1 ed.). Carmel, Ind.: SAMS. ISBN 0-672-30192-X. OCLC 25808566. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Reinhardt, Andy (March 1994). "Building The Data High Way". BYTE. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Microsoft Releases Windows 3.1". Computer History Museum. April 6, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ "Visual tour: 25 years of Windows". Computerworld. November 19, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
Windows 3.1 introduced TrueType fonts
- ^ Edson, Kate (March 1993). "Windows 3.1 and TrueType Fonts". PC Update. Archived from the original on May 11, 2002. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Corrigan, Hope (April 11, 2022). "Happy birthday, Windows 3.1". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Getting Started with Microsoft Windows: For the Microsoft Windows Operating System. Microsoft Corporation. 1991.
- ^ a b c Gibbs, Samuel (October 2, 2014). "From Windows 1 to Windows 10: 29 years of Windows evolution". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Beyond Tetris – Minesweeper". Game Set Watch. February 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ Edwards, Benj (April 6, 2017). "Windows 3.1: Twenty-five years later, it's still a Microsoft milestone". PCWorld. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ a b "Definition of Windows 3.1". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Livingston, Brian (1993). More Windows 3.1 Secrets. San Mateo, CA: UDG Books Worldwide. ISBN 1-56884-019-5.
- ^ Loguidice, Bill (2014). Vintage game consoles : an inside look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the greatest gaming platforms of all time. Matt Barton. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-135-00651-8. OCLC 874011835. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Winter, Max (2016). Powering up a career in artificial intelligence. New York. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4994-6089-6. OCLC 896127131. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Harrison, Mark; McLennan, Michael (1998). Effective Tcl/Tk Programming: Writing Better Programs with Tcl and Tck. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780201634747.
- ^ Livingston, Brian (April 6, 1992). "New and improved, finally". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 61. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Norton, Peter (1993). Peter Norton's user's guide to Windows 3.1. Peter Kent. New York: Bantam Books. p. 563. ISBN 0-553-37148-7. OCLC 27301277. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Damore, Kelley; Corcoran, Cate (November 16, 1992). "VFW to spark multimedia ground swell". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 12. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Quain, John (January 12, 1993). "Microsoft Goes Hollywood With Video for Windows". PC Magazine. Vol. 12. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 38. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Waggoner, Ben (2010). Compression for great video and audio: master tips and common sense. Ben Waggoner (2 ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-240-81213-7. OCLC 500579083. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Bolante, Antony (2002). Adobe After Effects 5: for Macintosh and Windows. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit. p. 577. ISBN 0-201-75043-0. OCLC 46944932. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Cowart, Robert (2008). Special edition using Microsoft Windows Vista. Brian Knittel (2 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. p. 1356. ISBN 978-0-7686-8258-8. OCLC 297575769. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Eller, Marlin; Edstrom, Jennifer (1998). Barbarians Led by Bill Gates. Owl Books. p. 132.
- ^ "Thinking: Running 32-bit Apps Without NT". PC Magazine. Vol. 12. Ziff Davis, Inc. June 15, 1993. p. 42. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Raskin, Robin (August 1995). "Pity the Poor Developer". PC Magazine. Vol. 14. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 30. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Hecker, Chris (June 1, 1997). "A Whirlwind Tour of WinG". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ^ a b Speed, Richard (April 7, 2022). "Windows 3.1 is 30 years old today". The Register. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ "Windows 3.1 Memory Limits". Windows Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015.
- ^ "Definition of Windows versions". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
- ^ "Software-industry report". University of Minnesota: Computer Age. 1991. p. 2.
- ^ "Chamber World Reports". Indiana University: Chamber World Network. 1994. p. 75.
- ^ Tresman, Ian (1994). The multilingual PC directory : a guide to multilingual and foreign language products for IBM PCs and compatibles (2 ed.). Borehamwood, Herts., U.K.: Knowledge Computing. p. 47. ISBN 1-873091-02-8. OCLC 28939377. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Kouyoumdjian, Virginia (August 1994). "DOS/V, Windows, Prices, and the Future..." Computing Japan. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ "Definition of Modular Windows". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Dillon, Patrick M. (1998). Multimedia and the Web from A to Z. David C. Leonard, Patrick M. Dillon (2 ed.). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-585-06371-0. OCLC 43802985. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Venditto, Gus (November 24, 1992). "Windows Takes Root in Hardware". PC Magazine. Vol. 11. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 30. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^ Hammett, Jim (August 31, 1992). "Tandy multimedia system to run Modular Windows". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 6. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Stuart (December 7, 1992). "Microsoft to ship Modular Windows development kit". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 21. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Entrepreneurship, innovation, and platforms. Jeffrey L. Furman, Annabelle Gawer, Brian S. Silverman, Scott Stern (1 ed.). Bingley, UK. 2017. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-78743-079-2. OCLC 1004377946.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Shinder, Thomas W. (2003). MCSA/MCSE managing and maintaining a Windows server 2003 environment : exam 70–290 study guide and DVD training. Debra Shinder Littlejohn, Jeffrey A. Martin. [Rockland, Mass.]: Syngress. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-08-047925-5. OCLC 55664320. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Bajpai, S. K. (2008). Introduction to computers and c programming. [Place of publication not identified]: New Age International Pvt. p. 97. ISBN 978-81-224-1379-3. OCLC 946267708.
- ^ Barney, Doug (March 7, 1994). "MS OSes hit by compatibility woes". InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 10. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Shapiro, Jeffrey R. (2008). Windows server 2008 bible. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-470-39969-9. OCLC 608623176.
- ^ a b "Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2 Upgrade Is Available". Microsoft. October 30, 2003. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006.
- ^ Haldar, Sinbsankar (2016). Operating Systems (Self Edition 1.1. Abridged). p. 688.
- ^ Lineback, Nathan. "Windows 3.2 (Chinese Windows)". ToastyTech. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Tomsho, Greg (2020). Guide to Operating Systems. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-357-43396-6. OCLC 1202601191.
- ^ Petersen, Julie K. (2002). The telecommunications illustrated dictionary. Julie K. Petersen (2 ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 992. ISBN 0-8493-1173-X. OCLC 51169186.
- ^ "A Brief History of Microsoft Windows". InformIT. August 3, 2009. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ "Windows for Workgroups Version History". Microsoft. November 14, 2003. Archived from the original on November 7, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Das, Sudipto (2010). A complete guide to computer fundamentals (1 ed.). New Delhi, India: Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-8131805503. OCLC 913009741.
- ^ a b Johnston, Stuart (May 18, 1992). "Windows to boost data sharing". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 39. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Foster, Ed (January 25, 1993). "Put name-game hype aside and WFW is just a network". InfoWorld. Vol. 15. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 43. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Chapin, Rod (August 15, 1994). "Windows for Workgroups moves faster in 32-bit mode, but it's no panacea". InfoWorld. Vol. 16. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 65. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2006). Linux kernel in a nutshell. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-596-51540-9. OCLC 85872757.
- ^ Morphet, John (1995). Windows on the Internet: The Complete Toolchest. University of Michigan: McGraw-Hill. p. 280. ISBN 9780079121738.
- ^ Willett, Shawn (November 2, 1992). "WFW tempts at $69; bundles to come". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 103. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Peter H. Lewis (October 18, 1992). "Ever Expanding, Microsoft Readies a Network Windows". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ "Windows history". PC Museum. June 17, 2002. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ Lindquist, Christopher (July 26, 1993). "Microsoft, get it together". Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. p. 39. ISSN 0010-4841. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Derfler, Frank Jr.; Ringey, Steve (January 11, 1994). "Windows for Workgroups 3.11: The Best Windows for All?". PC Magazine. Vol. 13. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 38. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Burns, Christine (October 11, 1993). "Microsoft releases details of Windows for Workgroups 3.11". Network World. Vol. 10. IDG Network World Inc. p. 20. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Watt, Peggy (March 6, 1995). "Group extends WinSock spec to include IPX, DECnet and OSI". Network World. Vol. 12. IDG Network World Inc. p. 8. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Noss, John (January 2, 1995). "More bang for the buck". InfoWorld. Vol. 16–17. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 51. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Diamond, Joel (January 30, 1995). "Giving Windows for Workgroups a workout". Network World. Vol. 12. IDG Network World Inc. p. 19. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Microsoft Windows for Workgroups Resource Kit. Microsoft Corporation. 1992. p. 17.
- ^ Microsoft Modular Windows Software Development Kit. Microsoft Corporation. 1992. pp. 10–11.
- ^ Borland, Russell; Lorenz, Lori; O'Mara, Michael (1993). Windows for Workgroups Companion. University of California: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1556155085.
- ^ Gookin, Dan (June 8, 1992). "Windows 3.1 vs. OS/2 2.0". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 72. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Paul, Fredric (July 19, 1993). "Reworking Windows for Workgroups". Network World. Vol. 10. IDG Network World Inc. p. 4. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Gibson, Steve (June 8, 1992). "Readers help give 'launcher bar' access to more icons groups". InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 46. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Davis, Frederic E. (1993). The Windows 3.1 bible. San Rafael, Calif.: Peachpit Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 1-56609-015-6. OCLC 26975598. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ "Microsoft History 1993". Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 17, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Internet Archive
- ^ Fiveash, Kelly (November 5, 2008). "Microsoft retires Windows 3.11 on 18th birthday". The Register. Archived from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Cowart, Robert (2005). Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home. Brian Knittel (3 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. p. 92. ISBN 0-7897-3279-3. OCLC 56647752. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Hruska, Joel (November 5, 2008). "Microsoft puts Windows 3.11 for Workgroups out to pasture". ArsTechnica. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ Halsey, Mike (2015). Windows software compatibility and hardware troubleshooting. Andrew Bettany. [Berkeley, CA]. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4842-1061-1. OCLC 919201454.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Windows 95 Not All It's Cracked Up to Be". The Los Angeles Times. September 3, 1995. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Lea, Graham (November 5, 1999). "How MS played the incompatibility card against DR-DOS – Real bear-traps, and spurious errors". The Register. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures – expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [1][2]
- ^ "DR DOS 6.0 does Windows 3.1". Computerworld. News Shorts. April 20, 1992. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^ Bridis, Ted (August 28, 1998). "Windows Warning Resurfaces in Suit". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
- ^ Lea, Graham (January 13, 2000). "Caldera vs Microsoft – the settlement". BBC News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ Gomes, Lee (January 11, 2000). "Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Mark Ward (November 5, 2008). "The end of an era – Windows 3.x". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ McAllister, Neil (July 15, 2013). "Linux 3.11 to be known as 'Linux for Workgroups'". The Register. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ "Failed Windows 3.1 system blamed for shutting down Paris airport". Ars Technica. November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ Longeray, Pierre (November 13, 2015). "Windows 3.1 Is Still Alive, And It Just Killed a French Airport". Vice News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Tung, Liam (February 12, 2016). "Don't want Windows 10? No problem, upgrade to Windows 3.1 instead". ZDNet. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ "Deutsche Bahn sucht Administrator für Windows 3.11 und MS-DOS" [Deutsche Bahn is looking for an administrator for Windows 3.11 and MS-DOS]. Der Standard (in German). January 30, 2024. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Richard Speed (January 30, 2024). "Windows 3.11 trundles on as job site pleads for 'driver updates' on German trains". The Register. Situation Publishing. Retrieved January 30, 2024.