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Changhe Z-10

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The Changhe Z-10 (Chinese: 直-10, "helicopter-10") is a Chinese (developed together with Russian Kamov bureau) medium attack helicopter developed for the People's Liberation Army Ground Force. It is designed primarily for anti-tank warfare missions but has secondary air-to-air combat capability as well.

Z-10
A Z-10 displaying at the 2012 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.
General information
TypeAttack helicopter
ManufacturerChanghe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC)
DesignerKamov[1][2][3][4]
StatusIn service[5]
Primary userPeople's Liberation Army Ground Force
Pakistan Army Aviation Corps
History
Manufactured2003-present
Introduction dateDecember 2012
First flight29 April 2003

Initiated by chief designer Wu Ximing, the project had early Russian involvement with Kamov Design Bureau of Russia under a contract with the Chinese government, but the collaboration was abruptly stopped due to fundamental design philosophy disagreements. The Chinese designers and their customer, the PLA General Armaments Department, preferred a lighter-weight, more agile airframe with less emphasis on armor. The helicopter was further developed by Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation (CAIC) and is locally manufactured.[1][3][4]

Nicknames of characters in the Chinese classic novel Water Margin have been used to name Z-10 and its light-weight counterpart, the Harbin Z-19: Z-10 is called Fierce Thunderbolt (Pi Li Huo, 霹雳火), the nickname of Qin Ming, while Z-19 is called Black Whirlwind (Hei Xuan Feng, 黑旋风), the nickname of Li Kui.[6][7]

In September 2016, the PLA announced that all of its army aviation units had been equipped with the Z-10.[8]

Development and history

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Background

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The People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) established its army aviation units in January 1988. The unit used helicopters transferred from People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), including Mil Mi-4, Harbin Z-5, Mil Mi-8, and Aérospatiale Gazelle. By the mid-1980s, the Chinese decided to field dedicated attack helicopters. The brief honeymoon period between China and the West provided China opportunities to evaluate Agusta A129 Mangusta, AH-1 Cobra, and BGM-71 TOW missiles. However, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and the proceeding arms embargo prevented many deals from going through. However, China also successfully imported or licensed aircraft types such as Changhe Z-8, Harbin Z-9, Sikorsky S-70, Mi-17, and Aerospatiale AS332 Super Puma.[9]

There was also debate in China about whether the PLAGF or PLAAF should operate attack helicopters. Eventually, PLAGF won and began to induct armed helicopters based on Harbin Z-9 design. The usage of Z-9WA modification helped China realize the requirement for a dedicated attack helicopter platform.[9]

Development programs

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China began to develop the 6-ton class China Helicopter Medium (CHM) program in 1994, headed by the 602nd and 608th Research Institutes.[10] This program was later developed into Harbin Z-20.[9] In 1995, China commissioned Kamov to develop a preliminary design for the 6-ton helicopter, known as Project 941 internally. Project 941 was a large departure from traditional Soviet design, focusing entirely on the Chinese requirement. The concept was then handed to China for further development, which Kamov did not participate in.[1] Based on the concept, Chinese engineers developed prototypes[1] and iterated designs based on the testing results. The changes include modification on the airframe shapes to optimize radar cross section (RCS), changes on the engine bay shape to accommodate domestic engines, and the engine nozzle layout.[11]

China also secured assistance from Eurocopter France for the rotor system and AgustaWestland in 1997 for the transmission system in 1998.[2] Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand secretly provided PT6C-67C engines and digital engine control systems to aid the programs, leading to their investigations and penalties from the American government.[3][4][12] In 1998, the 602nd Research Institute proposed a Special Armed Project to develop the final design, which became the Z-10.[9] During the development in 2000, Denel also provided technical assistance to the project in the area of flight stability.[2] After the US government cut off engine sources from Pratt & Whitney, China turned to domestic replacements with lower thrust-rating, leading to further weight-saving design changes.[3] The intended Indigenous engine was the WZ-9 turboshaft.[2]

David Donald of Aviation International News claimed the Z-10 had a universal engine bay capable of fitting various types of engines, including Ukrainian Motor Sich TV3-117.[2] However, Chinese sources indicated the TV3-117 is incompatible with the Z-10's engine bay due to the driveshaft shape and prototypes were fitted with either Pratt & Whitney PT6C-67C or Chinese-built Turbomeca Makila turboshaft engines, whereas the final version uses WZ-9 turboshaft engines due to its fully indigenous origin.[11]

The Z-10 entered service in 2010.[9]

Further development

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In March 2014, Z-10 helicopter began deck trials with a People's Liberation Army Navy Type 072A-class landing ship. The purpose may be to qualify the helicopter on ships to provide air support for landing parties launched from the ship. Type 072A-class ships have a helipad but no hangar or support facilities for the aircraft on board. The Z-10 may also be qualified on the larger Type 071 amphibious transport dock.[13]

Design

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Changhe Z-10

Flight instrumentation

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There are two configurations of the flight instrumentation for Z-10, one developed from a similar foreign system (rumored to be French), and the other one indigenously developed, and both configurations share the same holographic heads-up display. The difference in layout between the two configurations is that in one configuration, there are three color LCD multi-function displays (MFD), while in the other, these are replaced by two larger LCD MFDs. It's not clear which one originated from the foreign system and which is indigenously developed, but it's reported that the practice of having different configurations, thanks to the modular design, is for export purposes, to fit the potential customer countries’ pilots’ habits. However, in early 2018, it was revealed that the 2-piece MFD version was the one selected to enter service.[14]

Avionics

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Z-10 at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
 
PLAAF Z-10K release countermeasures

The primary sensor suite of Z-10 is the WXG1006 eclectic optical package located at the nose section. The package contains a forward-looking infrared sensor, a TV camera, a laser rangefinder, and a laser designator.[15] The 218th Factory of China North Industries Group Corp

One of the two primary fire control systems (FCS) is the electro-optical system, which utilizes experience gained from earlier manufacturing of similar French and Israeli systems, combining the best of the two, but only hardware wise. The software is completely indigenously developed by China. The optronics FCS is manufactured by the, later reformed as China North Industries Group Corporation Electro-Opticals Science & Technology Ltd. (中兵光电科技股份有限公司.)

The pilot of the Z-10 wears a helmet-mounted sight (HMS) designed by the 613th Research Institute. The HMS is standard for the Z-10. The HMS is based on the earlier HMS used on the Z-9W, which was first shown at the 5th Zhuhai Airshow held in 2004. At the 7th Zhuhai Airshow held in 2008, the developer confirmed that the HMS is fully integrated into the FCS and the onboard navigational systems.[16]

Navigational information can be displayed on the MFD, pilots can also fly the Z-10 in a 'hands-on' manner, including at night using HMS-compatible night vision goggles (NVG) similar to the French TopOwl HMS used on the Eurocopter Tiger. The Chinese HMS can control both air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, other unguided weapons, as well as providing navigational info.[16]

Additionally, helmet mounted displays (HMDs) were developed for the Z-10, similar to the Honeywell M142 Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS) used on the AH-64 Apache. The developer confirmed that the HMD is not standard as it is incompatible with the NVGs, the two cannot be simultaneously equipped. It is unclear whether the NVG is standard; however, the developer has claimed that the helmet and HMS are fully compatible with NVGs.[citation needed] Images released by official government sources have shown that the Z-10 uses binocular-form NVGs (as well as other helicopters in Chinese service).[17][16]

In late 2018, the 2nd generation Chinese HMS designed for the Z-10 was revealed, where a large single eye piece had replaced the two-piece binocular ones in the 1st generation HMS.[16]

Cockpit

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The stepped tandem cockpit houses two aviators – the gunner in the back and the pilot in the front – different from the conventional layout of most attack helicopters, confirmed by Chinese official news agency's video report.[18]

The canopy of the cockpit is specially treated to prevent glare from the sun, and, as an additional option, a tanned version is also available for camouflage purposes, though this is not standard. The bullet-proof glass of the canopy may be as thick as 38 millimeters, and is able to withstand direct hits from shrapnel and rounds fired from machine guns up to .50 caliber size. Additional armor plates can be fitted for improved protection.[19]

Propulsion

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Changhe Z-10

The Z-10 prototype was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-67C turboshaft engines,[20] which is equipped with Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system and sports a maximum continuous power of 1,142 kW (1,531 shp).[21] The early batches of Z-10 was powered by domestic Zhuzhou WZ-9 turboshaft engine, providing 957 kW (1,283 shp) of power.[22] The reduced performance of WZ-9 turboshaft engines prevented Z-10 to carry its maximum payload of 16 anti-tank guided missiles.[23]

Multiple engines were developed to upgrade the propulsion of the Z-10. China and European partners reportedly developed WZ-16.[23] WZ-9 was upgraded to WZ-9C with 1,000–1,100 kW (1,300–1,500 shp) of maximum power. The engine was originally designed for export, but subsequently used to upgrade early Z-10s batches.[24] In 2018, the WZ-9G engine developed 1,200 kW (1,600 shp) maximum power, providing the Z-10 with enough lift for a variety of payload.[25]

Weaponry

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Due to its modular design concept, the Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of weaponry. The adaptation of the Chinese GJV289A standard, the Chinese equivalent of the MIL-STD-1553B databus architecture, enables weaponry of both Soviet and Western origin to be adopted by the Z-10. Offensive weaponry consists of machine guns, cannons, rockets, and missiles. The stub wings have two hardpoints each for a total of four, each hardpoint being able to carry up to 4 missiles, for a total of up to 16.

Internal armament consists of a gun mount installed on the chin of the aircraft. Two stub wings provide attachment points for external ordnance or gun pods.[26] The guns are mounted either in the chain gun form, or in the turret. All guns on the Z-10 can be used either against ground targets or aerial targets and can be directly aimed by pilots’ HMS.

The Z-10 is equipped with a 23 mm (0.91 in) PX-10A automatic chain gun developed by China.[27]

 
A Changhe Z-10 showing four underwing hardpoints

The air-to-surface missiles deployed by the Z-10 include the domestic HJ-8 and AKD-10 anti-tank missiles. The AKD-10 is similar in capability to the AGM-114 Hellfire and it has an anti-helicopter capability in addition to an anti-tank capability.[28] The Z-10 can also fire BA-21 long-range anti-tank missiles, which can be fired from 11 miles away, and homing onto target with the data-linked millimeter wave radar.[29]

The main air-to-air missile deployed by the Z-10 is the TY-90, a missile specifically designed for use by helicopters in aerial combat. The TY-90 is much heavier than the MANPAD missiles usually carried by helicopters, providing better lethality and range.[30] The Chinese FN-6 and QW series missiles can also be deployed, as with other non-Chinese MANPADs. TY-90 and MANPADs are often carried in missile racks, with a total of 4 missiles carried per hardpoint.

When using larger air-to-air missiles such as the PL-9 or similar missiles such as AIM-9 Sidewinder, the total number is reduced to 2. The Z-10 fired its first air-to-air missile in mid-August 2013 during a live-fire drill and successfully intercepted low-altitude targets.[31]

The Z-10 can be armed with a wide variety of unguided rockets, ranging from 20 mm to 130 mm caliber. The largest rockets tested were a type of 130 mm rocket that were carried on the hardpoints just as missiles are carried, while smaller caliber rockets were mounted in conventional rocket pods. The most frequently used rockets are those ranging from 57 mm to 90 mm and a total of 4 pods can be carried under the stub wings, one under each hardpoint. A family of guided 90 mm rockets produced by a subsidiary of Norinco,[32] the Harbin Jiancheng Group (哈尔滨建成集团有限公司), was first revealed in the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, designated as Sky Arrow 90 (Tianjian 90 or Tian Jian 90, Chinese: 天箭 90).

Strategic implications

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In June 2012, the United States charged United Technologies and two of its subsidiaries, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand, of selling engine control software to China which aided in the development of the Changhe Z-10.[33] While the Chinese defense ministry denied that China bought or used the software, Pratt & Whitney Canada and Hamilton Sundstrand agreed to pay more than $75 million to the U.S. government to settle the charges.[34]

Orders and exports

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The Z-10 was one of the contenders to replace Pakistan's Bell AH-1F Cobra attack helicopters. Three Z-10s were acquired for trials in 2015[35] and rejected due to the inadequate WZ-9 engine, Pakistan then chose Turkey's AH-1Z; however, contracts to acquire the AH-1Z and then the TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK (which uses the American LHTEC CTS800–4A engine) fell through because of worsening relations with the United States.[36] In January 2022, negotiations to acquire the Z-10ME were underway;[37] the Z-10ME had been identified as a fallback option by February 2020.[36] In June 2022, Pakistan's deal with T129 ATAK was reportedly canceled, and the Pakistan government was seeking the acquisition of Z-10ME.[38] Pakistan military reportedly received the first batch of Z-10ME in 2023.[39]

Variants

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Z-10K Variant
 
Z-10ME-02 with avionics and armaments displayed at Singapore Airshow 2024
Z-10 Prototype
Prototype for basic tests. Not all had the same layout in that some had a fenestron configuration while others had a traditional tail rotor configuration; some had a chin gun turret while others had a chain gun; some had nose-mounted electro-optical systems while others had mast-mounted electro-optical systems.
Z-10H
Pre-production series powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6C-76 turboshaft engine.[20]
Z-10
Equipped with the domestic Chinese WZ-9 engine, the Standard Z-10 initially launched without external armor panels due to the limitations of the engine. This model established the baseline for the Z-10 series' capabilities.
Z-10 Upgraded Variant
In 2018, older batches began to be upgraded alongside newly manufactured models with more powerful WZ-9C engines, facilitating key upgrades: new data-link enabled missiles, ceramic/graphene armor (on the engine covering and below the cockpit windows), MAWS, IRCM, and upward-facing exhaust nozzles (to lower infrared visibility). It also introduces an advanced IFF system and an enhanced BeiDou navigation system antenna, streamlining its operational capabilities.[40][23][24][41]
Z-10K
Z-10K is modified from the standard Z-10 at the request of the People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps.
Z-10M
3 samples built for Pakistan,[14] powered by the WZ-9C engine with maximum power around 1000-1100 kW. It was not selected by Pakistan after evaluation, but the design was used to upgrade Z-10s built earlier, when a more powerful engine became available.[24]
Z-10ME
Upgraded variant first unveiled in 2018 with active and passive countermeasures, missile approach warning system, radar warning receiver, new engine exhaust nozzle pointed upwards to reduce infrared signature, new intake filtration systems, a more powerful WZ-9G 1200 kW engine, larger ammunition magazine, appliqué graphene-based armor panels, infrared jammer, and a new IFF interrogator.[25][42]
Z-10ME-02
Z-10ME variant showcased in 2024 Singapore Airshow. It's fitted with an over-the-rotor mast-mounted Yu Huo millimeter wave fire control radar,[43] a missile approach warning system, and directional infrared countermeasure systems (DIRCM) against infrared homing (IR) missiles.[39][44]

Operators

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  People's Republic of China

  Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Specifications (estimated)

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Data from jczs[46]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 14.15 m (46 ft 5 in) [citation needed]
  • Height: 3.85 m (12 ft 8 in) [citation needed]
  • Empty weight: 5,100 kg (11,244 lb)
  • Gross weight: 5,540 kg (12,214 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,000 kg (15,432 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × WZ-9C turboshaft engines, 1,200[47] kW (1,600 hp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 13 m (42 ft 8 in)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 270 km/h (170 mph, 150 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 230 km/h (140 mph, 120 kn)
  • Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 6,400 m (21,000 ft)
  • g limits: +3
  • Rate of climb: 12 m/s (2,400 ft/min)

Armament

  • Guns: 1x 23 mm (0.906 in) PX-10A revolver cannon[47]
  • Hardpoints: 4 with a capacity of 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) useful load[43], with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Rockets: on each hard point with
      • 57 mm (2.244 in) rocket pod (19-tube)[48]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (7-tube)[49]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) FS70 guided rocket pod (7-tube)[47] with FS70A (GR-5) 70 mm (2.756 in) guided rocket[48][39] or FS70B 70 mm (2.756 in) air burst fragmentation rocket[50][51]
      • 70 mm (2.756 in) unguided rocket pod (19-tube)[47]
      • 90 mm (3.543 in) rocket pod (7-tube)[48][52] with FS90A 90 mm (3.543 in) guided rocket[48] or Tianjian 90 mm (3.543 in) rockets[53]
    • Missiles: on each hard point with
      • 4× HJ-8, HJ-9 laser-guided air-to-surface missiles[28]
      • 4× AKD-10 (BA-7) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-9 (BA-9) laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AKD-21 (BA-21) millimetre-wave air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× AG300M or AG300L laser-guided air-to-surface missiles
      • 4× CM-502KG or CM-502V NLOS air-to-surface missiles[54][39]
      • 2× CM-501GA NLOS air-to-surface missiles[55]
      • 1× CM-501XA loitering munition
      • 4× TY-90 air-to-air missiles[39]
    • Other:
  • Missiles: For each hardpoint:

Avionics

See also

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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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