User:Ser be etre shi/sandbox
Morphology
editDiscuss some reconstructed Old Chinese prefixes from Baxter (and Schuessler?)
==Pronouns TODO: Include pronoun tables from Schuessler(? is that the book?).
The language did not have a special 3rd-person personal pronoun that could be used in subject position, but the distal demonstrative 彼 bǐ 'that, those' and the anaphoric demonstrative 是 shì frequently take that role.[1]
Basic constituent order
edit- SVO
- OV in negations with pronouns
- VOS in exclamations
- Stability of VO order: SOV > SVO controversy
Noun phrases
edit- structure
Verbs and verb phrases
edit- structure
- aspect markers (next to verbs and sentence-final)
- the four semantic usages: yì, bèi, shǐ, wèi
Numbers
editNumerals are formed in a similar way to those of contemporary Chinese, combining units with multiples of 10. For example, 二十三 èr shí sān '23' (lit. "2 * 10 + 3").
- mention numerals can go before or after
Coverbs and postpositions
edit- mention term "locational" by Zadrapa
Adverbs and adverbials
edit- find notes about rán in Dawson
- try to include something about bare nouns as instrumental adverbials before a verb (from Fuller, the skull?)
Topicalization
edit- with yě, zé...
Copular sentences
editNegation
edit- include note about fú vs. bù; role of taboo
未 wèi may stand for 'never'.[2]
Interrogative sentences
edit- yes/no
- content
Exclamatory and imperative sentences
edit- exclamatory
- imperative
Comparisons
edit- ADJ + yú
- see if can find about anything else, including equality...
Complex sentences
edit- parataxis and hypotaxis
- complement clauses
- relative clauses: with zhī, with suǒ and zhě
- temporal clauses
- conditional clauses
- conditions
- Conditions may be expressed by mere juxtaposition of clauses.[1]
- explanatory clauses
- concessive clauses
Example glossing
edit{{fs interlinear|lang=lzh|abbreviations=GLOSS:meaning; GLOSS2:meaning2 |CHINESE{{sfn|Lname|year|p=page}} |PINYIN |GLOSS |""}}
Useful sentences
edit- example of condition: 下士聞道,大笑之,不笑,不足以為道!(Daodejing 41) The unlearned discovers the Dao, and roars into laughter, Without the laughs, it would not be the Dao.
- superlative: 天下之至柔,馳騁天下之至堅 (Daodejing 43) the world's softest steers the world's hardest
- purpose clauses: 弱之勝強, 柔之勝剛 (Daodejing 78) Be submissive to overcome dominance, Be gentle to overcome toughness
- topicalization (with yě) or coordination: 人之生也柔弱,其死也堅強。(Daodejing 76) People are born gentle and fragile, They die stiff and tough.
- yi...wei: 天地不仁,以萬物為芻狗 (Daodejing 5) The sky and the earth do not care, They regard the myriad things as straw dogs
- ke as a passive: 道可道,非恆道 (Daodejing 1) The Dao that can be stated, is not the eternal Dao
- all (jiē): 天下皆知美之爲美 (Daodejing 2) Everyone knows what beauty is
- comparison: 子曰、學如不及、猶恐失之。 (Lunyu, chap. 8/泰伯) The Master said, "Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it." (Giles)
- reciprocal: 音聲相和 (Daodejing 2) Music and voice are harmonized with each other
人人
rénrén
失
shī
其
qí
所
suǒ
好
hào
All men err in what they love (tr. Legge) (Classic of Rites 32.19)
先
xiān
previous
王
wáng
king
有
yǒu
have
至
zhì
most/perfect
德
dé
virtue
要
yào
important
道,
dào,
way,
以
yǐ
in_order_to
順
shùn
go_along
天
tiān
Heaven
下
xià
under
"The ancient kings had perfect virtue and an all-embracing conduct, to go along the whole world." (Classic of Filial Piety)
宋
Sòng
Song
人
rén
person
或
huò
in_one_case
得
dé
get
玉
yù
jade
"Among the people of Song, there was one that obtained jade." (Zuo Tradition, chapter 9, year 15)
吾
wú
1
生
shēng
life
也
yě
TOP
有
yǒu
have
涯,
yá,
shore/limit,
而
ér
and
知
zhī
know
也
yě
TOP
無
wú
not_have
涯
yá
shore/limit
"My life has a limit but knowledge has none." (Zhuangzi)
Han Chinese
edit夫
fú
TOP
儒
rú
Confucian
者
zhě
AGT
之
zhī
POSS
言,
yán,
speech,
有
yǒu
exist
溢
yì
overflow
美
měi
beautiful
過
guò
exceed
實
shí
real
"Now there were things the Confucians said that overflowed in beauty and exceeded reality." (Wang Chong, Critical Essays, chapter 52)
瑞
ruì
auspicious
應
yìng
answer
之
zhī
POSS
物,
wù,
thing,
或
huò
sometimes
有
yǒu
exist
或
huò
sometimes
無
wú
not.exist
"Auspicious omens sometimes exist, sometimes don't exist." (Wang Chong, Critical Essays, chapter 52)
師
Shī
Shi
曠
Kuàng
Kuang
曰:
yuē:
say:
何
hé
why
不
bù
not
炳
bǐng
bright
燭
zhú
candle
"Shi Kuang said, 'Why don't you light a candle?'" (Garden of Stories)
References
edit- ^ a b Dawson 1984, p. 36, n. 5hr.
- ^ Dawson 1984, p. 36, n. 5s.
- ^ Barnes, Starr & Ormerod 2009, p. 49.
Sources
edit- Aldridge, Edith (2013). Battistella, Edwin; Schilling, Natalie (eds.). "Chinese Historical Syntax: Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass: Historical Linguistics. 7 (1). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.: 58–77. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12007. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- Behr, Wolfgang (2006). "Morphological notes on the Old Chinese counterfactual" (PDF). Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung. 30: 55–88. doi:10.5167/uzh-113964. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
- Barnes, Archie; Starr, Don; Ormerod, Graham (2009). Du's Handbook of Classical Chinese Grammar. Great Britain: Alcuin Academics. ISBN 978-1904623748.
- Dawson, Raymond (1984). A New Introduction to Classical Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815460-7.
- Dong, Hongyuan (2014). A History of the Chinese Language. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-79423-5.
- Fuller, Michael (2004). An Introduction to Literary Chinese (Revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachussets, London: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 0-674-01726-9.
- Harbsmeier, Christoph (1981). Aspects of Classical Chinese Syntax. London and Malmö: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-0139-7.
- Peyraube, Alain (2008). "Ancient Chinese". In Woodard, Roger (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521684941.
- Pulleyblank, Edwin (1995). Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0774805056.
- Robins, Dan (2000). "Mass Nouns and Count Nouns in Classical Chinese". Early China. 25: 147–184. doi:10.1017/s0362502800004296.
- Schuessler, Axel (2007). "ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese". Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2975-9.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Sun, Chaofen (1996). Word-Order Change and Grammaticalization in the History of Chinese. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804724180.
- Zádrapa, Lukáš (2011). Word Class Flexibility in Classical Chinese. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004206311.
- Zádrapa, Lukáš (2017). "Word classes, pre-modern". Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 566―576. ISBN 978-9004186439.
CITE BY ARTICLE INSTEAD:
- Meisterernst, Barbara, ed. (2016). New Aspects of Classical Chinese Grammar. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447194952.
Further reading
edit- Gabelentz, Georg von der (1881). Chinesische Grammatik: Mit Ausschluss des niederen Stiles und der heutigen Umgangssprache (in German). Leipzig: T. O. Weigel. Retrieved 10 February 2012. (Original from Harvard University) (Digitized 2008-10-13)
- Hé Lèshì 何乐士; Yáng Bójùn 杨伯峻 (1992). Gǔ Hànyǔ yǔfǎ jí qí fāzhǎn 古汉语语法及其发展 ("Grammar and Development of Ancient Chinese") (in Chinese). Beijing: Yǔwén Chūbǎnshè 语文出版社. ISBN 7800063062.
- Julien, Stanislas (1869). Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise fondée sur la position des mots: suivie de deux traités sur les particules et les principaux termes de grammaire, d'une table des idiotismes, de fables, de légendes et d'apologues traduits mot à mot, premier volume (in French). Paris: Librairie de Maisonneuve. Retrieved 2015-08-23. (Original from Oxford University) (Digitized 2007-07-03)
- Julien, Stanislas (1870). Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise fondée sur la position des mots: suivie de deux traités sur les particules et les principaux termes de grammaire, d'une table des idiotismes, de fables, de légendes et d'apologues traduits mot à mot, second volume (in French). Paris: Librairie de Maisonneuve. Retrieved 2015-08-23. (Original from the University of California) (Digitized 2007-05-02)
- Rémusat, Abel (1822). Éléments de la grammaire chinoise, ou, principes généraux du kou-wen ou style antique: et du kouan-hoa, c'est-à-dire, de la langue commune généralement usitée dans l'Empire chinois (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Retrieved 2011-05-15. (Original from Harvard University)
- Yáng Qǐguó 杨启国 (2016). Gǔdài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ 古代汉语语法 ("Grammar of Ancient Chinese") (in Chinese). Beijing: Jīngjì kēxué chūbǎnshè 经济科学出版社. ISBN 9787514165913.
- Yì Mèngchún 易孟醇 (1989). Xiān Qín yǔfǎ 先秦语法 ("Pre-Qin Grammar") (in Chinese). Changsha: Húnán jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 湖南教育出版社. ISBN 753550941X.
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