Peace Accords for Angola

The Peace Accords for Angola, or Bicesse Accords, was an agreement by the major parties of the Angolan Civil War in 1991 to create an electoral process for Angola that would lead to democracy. The Peace Accords came after a series of positive events for the peace effort in Angola, including he 1988 bilateral agreement by South Africa and Cuba to withdraw all foreign trops, and the 1990 ceasefire agreement, brokered by eighteen African countries.

References

United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation

The United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) was a United Nations peacekeeping mission that operated in Croatia from March 1995 to January 1996 during and after the Croatian War and Bosnian War.

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Camilo Henríquez

Fray Camilo Henríquez

Friar José Camilo Henríquez González (born in Valdivia, Chile, July 20, 1769 – died in Santiago de Chile, March 16, 1825) was a priest, writer, politician, and hero of the War of Chilean Independence. He was one of the most important early South American newspaper writers and wrote several important essays, most notable the Proclama de Quirino Lemáchez, promoting Chilean independence and liberty, often under the pseudonym Quirino Lemáchez.

Early life

First issue of the Aurora de Chile.

Obelisk dedicated to Friar Camilo Henríquez, Manuel de Salas, Manuel José Gandarillas y José Miguel Infante in the Parque Forestal in the city of Santiago de Chile.

Camilo Henríquez was born in a house that belonged to his grandmother Margarita de Castro, located on what is now Yungay street in the city of Valdivia, Chile. His parents were the Spanish infantry captain Félix Henríquez y Santillán (1745-1798) and Rosa González y Castro (1747-1798). At the age of thirteen, he was sent to study at Lima under the direction of his maternal uncle Juan Nepomuceno González. In the capital of the viceroyalty of Peru, he joined the order of Ministros de los Enfermos Agonizantes de San Camilo de Lelis (or "de la Buena Muerte"), after presenting proof of the limpieza de sangre (pure Christian blood) of his ancestors in 1789; he was ordained as a priest on January 28, 1790. Henríquez came under the influence of French Enlightenment philosophy early on, and began to read such books that had been banned by the Spanish authorities. While in Lima, Henríquez was caught with banned books and interrogated by the Spanish Inquisition, though he was eventually allowed to remain free. After his release, the friars of the Order of Buena Muerte sent Henríquez to Quito to found a new convent its their name.

Activist and author

When the order sent him to Quito, Henríquez became a witness to the violence of the Realistas in 1809. After his experiences, Henríquez wrote about them in what would be the more famous of his two plays, Camila o la Patriota de Sud América (Camila, or the Patriot of South America). In 1811, he returned to Chile and became involved in politics. He wrote the Proclama de Quirino Lemáchez, (Proclamation of Quirino Lemáchez) under a pseudonym created with an anagram of his name, in which he argued for the support of pro-independence candidates in the next elections for the First National Congress (Primer Congreso Nacional). The essay instantly catapulted him into the national consciousness, though his true identity was not yet public. After the takeover of power by the local revolutionary junta from the Spanish governors, Henríquez was was part of the patriot force that put down the counterrevolutionary Motín de Figueroa (Figueroa mutiny) on April 1, 1811. Ironically, the revolt's ringleader, Tomás de Figueroa's only allowance before execution the next day was to confess his sins to the priest, Camilo Henríquez. ^[1]In the First National Congress, Henríquez was an interim deputy for Puchacay. He also gave a sermon on the mass at the inauguration of the sessions at Congress, in which he argued that the Catholic Church authorize the Congress to create a constitution.

Henríquez was perhaps most famous for his lifelong devotion to the promotion and contribution to newspapers, and he wrote for numerous periodicals and edited at least 10 newspapers in Santiago and Buenos Aires during his lifetime. On January 16, 1812, Henríquez became the first editor of the La Aurora de Chile (The Dawn of Chile), the first newspaper in Chile, which used a printing press brought from the United States. It was, in fact, the first wide-scale printing operation in Chilean history. The first issue was published on February 13 of the same year.^[2] Due to the censorship of the administration of José Miguel Carrera, the Monitor Araucano (Araucanian Monitor) began publication under the direction of Camilo Henríquez as a substitute for the Aurora, and their first issue was published on April 17, 1813. He also published the "Catecismo de los patriotas" (“Catechism of the Patriots”) in the Monitor.

Proclama de Quirino Lemáchez

The Proclama de Quirino Lemáchez was one of the most important early revolutionary essays promoting Chilean independence. The proclamation became representative of the rising popularity of independence among the educated Creole elite in Chile. Henríquez' philosophy bears a considerable debt to the social contract theorists of the Enlightenment. Henríquez, as Quirino Lemáchez, declared:

"Nature made us equal and only by virtue of a free pact made spontaneously and voluntarily , can another man exercise just, legitimate, and reasonable authority over us."^[3]

Henríquez argued that since none of the patriots or their forebears had consented to such a pact, they should establish an independent government. The essay contained hints of early Chilean nationalism, claiming that "some day one would speak of the republic, the power of Chile, the majesty of the Chilean people," and caught the attention of many European readers, where it was reprinted.^[4]

Senator

Between 1813 and 1814 Henríquez was Senator, and in 1813 he became the President of the Senate. He authored several laws, including those that highlighted the Reglamento Constitucional Provisorio de 1812 and protection of the indigenous peoples. During this period, he produced the drama "La Procesión de los Tontos" (The Procession of the Fools"). After the Disaster of Rancagua (Desastre de Rancagua), he was sent to Mendoza, and would later escape to Buenos Aires. There, Henríquez contributed to the La Gaceta de Buenos Aires (The Buenos Aires Gazette) and El Censor (The Censor), and he reportedly studied mathematics and medicine while in exile.^[5] After the Reconquista, Henríquez returned to Chile at Bernardo O'Higgins' request and returned to newspaper work in Santiago. He was named librarian of the National Library of Chile and was in charge of the the editing of the Ministerial Gazette and another other bulletin about the administration of the country which was the precursor to the El Mercurio (The Mercury) of Chile. In 1823, Henríquez was an interim deputy for Chiloé and afterwards served as an interim and then fully titular deputy for Copiapó in 1824. During this time, Henríquez was a part of the nine-member senado conservador (conservative senate) created to advise the new Supreme Director of Chile, Ramón Freire.^[6] He died in Santiago the next year, 1825, after which a national period of mourning was declared by the government.

References

^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 161.
^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 174, 480.
^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 160.
^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 160.
^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 480.
^ Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 224.

[1] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 161.

[2] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 174, 480.

[3] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 160.

[4] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 160.

[5] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 480.

[6] Luis Galdames (1941). A History of Chile. Trans. and ed. Isaac Joslin Cox. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 224.

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User:Dominic/Workshop

Contents

Peace Accords for Angola

References

United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation

Camilo Henríquez

Early life

Activist and author

Proclama de Quirino Lemáchez

Senator

References