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United National Workers' Party

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The United National Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Único Nacional de los Trabajadores, lit. 'Sole National Workers' Party', PUNT) was a political party in Equatorial Guinea. It was the only political party in the country from 1970 to 1979, during the dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema.

United National Workers' Party
Partido Único Nacional de los Trabajadores
AbbreviationPUNT
LeaderFrancisco Macías Nguema
Secretary-GeneralBuenaventura Ochaga Ngomo (1970–1976)
PresidiumCentral Committee (1970–1977)
FounderFrancisco Macías Nguema
FoundedJuly 7, 1970 (1970-07-07)
BannedAugust 25, 1979 (1979-08-25)
Preceded byPopular Idea of Equatorial Guinea
HeadquartersMalabo, Bioko Norte
Youth wingYouth in March with Macías
Women's wingFeminine Section
IdeologyAnti-colonialism[1]
Anti-intellectualism[2]
Pan-Africanism[3]
Totalitarianism[4]
Fang interests[5]
Colors  Green,   Gray and   Ochre

History

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The PUNT was created and led by Francisco Macías Nguema, former leader of the Popular Idea of Equatorial Guinea (IPGE) and, since the independence from Spain, President of Equatorial Guinea (confirmed by the 1968 general election). The party was officially founded on 7 July 1970[6][7][8] on the structure of the United National Party (Spanish: Partido Único Nacional, PUN), existing from January to February of that same year.[9]

The PUN was formed in January 1970, after Macías issued a decree suppressing all existing political parties in the country. Previously, in December 1968, Macías had already announced that there would soon be a single party to "unify ideas".[7]

Macías assumed the post of president for life of the PUNT,[10] whose highest body was the Central Committee.[11][12] The Central Committee consisted of Macías as president, his ministers, civil governors of the provinces, government delegates and high-ranking officers of the Armed Forces.[11] The other structures of the PUNT consisted of base, district and provincial committees.[11] In 1977, the Central Committee was disbanded and Macías assumed absolute power in the PUNT.[11] The Permanent Secretary-General of the PUNT was Buenaventura Ochaga Ngomo (simultaneously the Minister of Popular Education, Art and Traditional Culture), until his fall from grace and execution in 1976.[11]

The PUNT's role as the only legal party was enshrined in the 1973 Constitution. The statutes of the PUNT were elaborated, according to what is said, by an advisor of Macías, Antonio García-Trevijano.[13][14] According to the National Alliance for Democratic Restoration [es] (ANRD), it was García-Trevijano who suggested Macías to add "the Workers" to the name of the party in 1971.[15] Other authors posit that Macías was inspired to make this change by Marien Ngouabi, then-President of the People's Republic of the Congo, or was potentially inspired by the name of the Workers' Party of Korea.[3][9]

In the 1973 parliamentary election, the PUNT won all of the seats in the legislature, and Macías was reelected unopposed in the presidential election.[11]

The youth wing of the party, called "Youth in March with Macías" (formerly known as "Popular Revolutionary Militia") played an important role, both propagandist and repressive one. The party also had a women's wing, called "Feminine Section", based on the Sección Femenina of the FET y de las JONS in Francoist Spain.[3] Set up by Marina Alene Mbá,[16] the women's wing had the function of organizing events and activities, and the women who belonged it had to be informants for the authorities about the political activity of their families.[3] The President of Guinea Ahmed Sékou Touré sent two advisers to the country to help organize this body.[3]

From the very moment of its creation, the PUNT acquired great social significance. The party membership card was required for everything: academic fees, work contracts, etc.[7][17] It was also mandatory to wear the official PUNT uniform, with an effigy of President Macías placed at the height of the heart, to show fidelity and love to the dictator.[18] The party membership card was as important as the personal identity document,[18] and could be requested by the authorities at any time and place.[11] In addition, the party had the power to make decisions in legal matters, such as judging, condemning and absolving.[11]

"I, Guinean Militant of the PUNT, swear by God and on my honor to fight, until death if necessary, for the territorial integrity of Equatorial Guinea, against colonialism, neocolonialism, imperialism, technological colonialism, separatism, misery and coups..."

— Party card of the PUNT.[13]

According to Article 4 of the Statute of the PUNT, all citizens of Equatorial Guinea became members of the PUNT from the age of seven.[6][7]

The party was banned by the Supreme Military Council following the 1979 coup d'état, led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, nephew of Macías.[13]

Electoral history

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Presidential elections

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Election Party candidate Votes % Result
1973 Francisco Macías Nguema Unknown Unknown Elected  Y

Chamber of Deputies elections

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Election Party leader Seats +/– Position Result
1973 Francisco Macías Nguema
60 / 60
 New New Sole legal party

References

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  1. ^ Joseph-Désiré (2009). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo. Editorial UNED. ISBN 9788436258257. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  2. ^ "A Tiny Tyranny in Equatorial Guinea Sustained by Oil Riches". Bloomberg. 2019-06-13. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e Nerín, Gustav (2016). "FRANCISCO MACÍAS: NUEVO ESTADO, NUEVO RITUAL" (PDF). Universidad Federal de Integración Latinoamericana. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  4. ^ Burns, Tom (1979-08-07). "Equatorial Guinea's President Said to Be Retired, Not Ousted". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
  5. ^ Baynham, Simon (1986). "Politics and power in Equatorial Guinea". Africa Insight. 16 (1): 28–32. hdl:10520/AJA02562804_761. ISSN 0256-2804 – via Sabinet.
  6. ^ a b "Sólo es legal el partido único". El País (in Spanish). 20 October 1976. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d Xavier Lacosta. "Cronología de Guinea Ecuatorial: 1950 / 1979 De la independencia al juicio contra Macías" (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Guinea Ecuatorial: Tristes 49 años de Independencia" (in Spanish). Radio Macuto. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  9. ^ a b Vicente Orts (4 October 2014). "Francisco Macias Nguema, el espejo de Teodoro Obiang". Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  10. ^ "Guinea Ecuatorial: el olvido español en África" (in Spanish). 16 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Agustín (2006). Macias, Verdugo O Victima. Lulu Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781411683242. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  12. ^ Negrín-Fajardo, Olegario; National University of Distance Education (20 February 2017). Una singular "educación cívica" para Guinea Ecuatorial: las sentencias doctrinales de la dictadura de Francisco Macías Nguema (1968–1979) (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  13. ^ a b c Guinea Ecuatorial: de colonia a sultanato, Paula García Ascanio, 2010
  14. ^ "Millones y corrupción a "go-go"" (in Spanish). Diario ABC. 30 October 1976. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  15. ^ "Guinea: Tirón de la manta" (in Spanish). Diario ABC. 30 October 1976. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  16. ^ Joanna Allan (2019). Silenced Resistance: Women, Dictatorships, and Genderwashing in Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea. University of Wisconsin Pres. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-0-299-31840-6.
  17. ^ Muakuku Rondo Igambo, Fernanado (2006). Conflictos etnicos y gobernabilidad / Ethnic conflicts and governance: Guinea Ecuatorial. Editorial Cumio. p. 80. ISBN 9788496357389. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  18. ^ a b Otabela, Joseph-Désiré (2009). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 9788436258257. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
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