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USS Insurgent

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L'Insurgente was a 40-gun Sémillante-class frigate of the French Navy, launched in 1793. During the Quasi War with the United States, the United States Navy frigate USS Constellation, with Captain Thomas Truxtun in command, captured her off the island of Nevis. After her capture she served in the United States Navy as USS Insurgent, patrolling the waters in the West Indies. In September 1800 she was caught up in a severe storm and was presumed lost at sea.[2][3]

Naval encounter during the Quasi-War between USS Constellation and French ship L'Insurgente (right) on 9 February 1799
History
French Navy EnsignFrance
NameL'Insurgente
Ordered3 September 1790
BuilderPierre-Joseph Pénétreau, Lorient
Laid down5 November 1791
Launched27 April 1793
Capturedby USS Constellation, 9 February 1799
United States
NameUSS Insurgent
Acquired9 February 1799
CommissionedAugust 1799
FateLost at sea, probably foundered September 1800
General characteristics
TypeSémillante-class frigate
Tons burthen600 (bm)
Length45.5 m (149 ft 3 in)
Beam11.5 m (37 ft 9 in)
Draft5.5 m (18 ft 1 in)
Complement
  • French service:Officers + 278 men[1]
  • US service: 340 officers and enlisted
Armament

French frigate L'Insurgente

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L'Insurgente was built by Pierre-Joseph Pénétreau at Lorient and launched on 27 April 1793.[1]

In January or February 1794, L'Insurgente captured Ann off Cape Clear Island as Ann was sailing from Newfoundland to Bristol. L'Insurgente put a prize crew aboard Ann, but left her mate and three other men on board. When Ann was in sight of the French coast, the British sailors succeeded in recapturing her from the prize crew; the British then took Ann into Vigo.[4]

On 16 January 1794 L'Insurgente captured the American ship John and James and brought her into Brest. John and James had been built at Philadelphia for George Morrison of Petersburg, Virginia. She had left Petersburg with 450 hogsheads of tobacco and 12,000 staves. On 27 December 1794 the Tribunal of Commerce ordered John and James released to Captain James Johnson and the Committee of Public Safety awarded him a payment of 20,000 livres tournois.[5]

On 25 April L'Insurgente captured Freundschaft Lourentz, Colandt, master, as Freundschaft Lourentz was sailing from Lisbon to London. However two "Scilly boats" (i.e., boats from the Isles of Scilly), recaptured her the next day and brought her into St Ives, Cornwall.[6]

On 5 December 1797 Insurgente captured Prince Frederick as Prince Frederick was returning from Madras and Bengal. Prince Frederick was so badly damaged in the engagement that she sank soon afterwards. Her people, however, were saved.[7] The EIC put a value of £59,981 on the cargo that it had lost.[8]

US-French Quasi War: On 20 November 1798 she captured USS Retaliation off Guadalupe. "Insurgente" was transporting General Desfourneaux from France, via Cayenne, French Guiana, to Guadalupe to replace Victor Hugues as Governor. After dropping off Desfourneaux she returned Hugues to France and returned to Guadeloupe.[9]

Battle with Constellation

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Main article: USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente

On 9 February 1799, after being at sea for three days, USS Constellation spotted L'Insurgente approximately six leagues (29 km) northeast off Nevis. L'Insurgente, a fully-rigged frigate, was considered one of the fastest sailing vessels in the world at the time; three weeks earlier she had encountered Constellation but was able to outrun her and escape.[10] Shortly after being spotted by Constellation this second time the ships encountered a squall during which a violent gust of wind snapped L'Insurgente's main topmast, impairing her speed. As Constellation approached, Captain Michael-Pierre Barreaut first attempted to seek haven by making for St. Eustatius, but to no avail, where L'Insurgente hauled wind and assumed a starboard tack. After being overtaken she hoisted American colors, at which time Constellation hoisted the private signals. Unable to respond appropriately, she gave up her attempt at disguise and Captain Barreaut ordered the French tri-colors hoisted and a gun fired to windward to signal the challenge where L'Insurgente boldly sat in wait to be engaged. This was the first time since the American Revolution that a shot had been fired from an enemy vessel at an American ship. Captain Thomas Truxtun gave the order to clear the deck of Constellation for action and the boatswain sounded the whistle. Both ships bore up to take positions to engage. Constellation fired the first broadside, double-shotted, inflicting much damage to the French vessel's hull and killing many in the first minute of the engagement. L'Insurgente responded and fired a broadside, inflicting much damage to Constellation's rigging and fore topmast, which was almost cut off.[11] At 3:30 pm after an hour and a half of running battle and several raking broadsides from Constellation, L'Insurgente struck her colors. First Lieutenant John Rodgers, Midshipman David Porter along with eleven men were put on board the captured vessel to take possession and to secure the prisoners who were sent to the lower hold. She had lost 70 men from a crew of 409, while Constellation, badly damaged also, only lost three out of a complement of 309. This was the first post-Revolutionary War American victory against a foreign naval vessel.[12][13]

There were no handcuffs to be found and the prisoners seem disposed to rebel. Accordingly, Rodgers placed sentries at the hatch, armed with blunderbusses and under orders to open fire should the prisoners attempt to breach the hatch way.[14]

 
Scene depicting the action of 9 February 1799, when USS Constellation (left), commanded by Captain Thomas Truxtun, captured the French frigate L'Insurgente (right)

Service in US Navy

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The US Navy considered Insurgent a prize in the Quasi-War with France. The frigate was taken to the West Indies and refitted for service in the young American navy. She cruised under Lt. John Rodgers in company with Constellation until May 1799. On 17 April 1799 she and USS Constellation captured French letter of marque schooner Diligente off Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.[15] Ordered back to the United States, Insurgent was purchased by the Navy for $84,500. Commissioned with Captain Alexander Murray in command, Insurgent sailed from Hampton Roads for Europe and the Caribbean on 14 August 1799. She arrived at Lisbon, Portugal on 13 September, She departed on 17 September with HMS Phaeton for the Straits of Gibraltar. She arrived at Cadiz, Spain on 23 Sept., and was off Algeciras 24-28. Proceeded on to Cape Spartel, Madieras, Tenerife, and on to Cayanne, Surinam and Barbados.[16] On 14 November she recaptured British brig "Margaret" captured the day before by a French privateer.[17] On 20 November she and USS Adams off Guadeloupe recaptured schooner "Nancy", captured on 18 November by a French privateer.[18] On 10 December she was off St. Pierre.[19] On 28 December she recaptured merchantman "Commerce" that had been captured by a french privateer off Antigua earlier in the day.[20] On 22 or 23 January 1800 she recaptured schooner "Aurora".[21] On 5 February while sailing to Jamaica she came across dismasted USS Constellation, heavily damaged in a battle with French heavy frigate La Vengeance, limping to Jamaica. She escorted her to Jamaica. She then proceeded to head for home and was 15 leagues west of Havana, Cuba on 27 February. Sometime in February she recaptured "William and Mary"[22][23] Cruising in European waters during the winter of 1799–1800, the frigate captured the French ship Vendémiaire and recaptured the American ship Angora. She arrived in the Patapsco River on 13 March 1800 after being damaged in rough weather off Cape Hatteras.[24][25]

Loss

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On 29 April 1800 Patrick Fletcher assumed command and was ordered to cruise between the West Indies and the American coast to protect American shipping interests and to capture any enemy vessels he encountered. Insurgent departed Baltimore on 22 July and after a brief stop at Hampton Roads sailed for her station 8 August 1800. She was never heard from again, and the frigate and her crew were presumed lost during the severe storm that struck the West Indies on 20 September 1800.[26] This storm is also thought to have sunk USS Pickering, which likewise vanished without a trace.

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e Demerliac (1996), p.68, No. 421.
  2. ^ U.S.Navy, DANFS, Insurgent prgh.1
  3. ^ Toll, 2006 pp. 142–144
  4. ^ Powell (1930), p. 333.
  5. ^ Williams (2009), p.204.
  6. ^ Lloyd's List, no.2608 – accessed 18 September 2015.
  7. ^ Lloyd's List №2797.
  8. ^ Reports (1830), Vol. 2, p.979.
  9. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume 2 Part 1 of 3 Naval Operations November 1798 to March 1799" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  10. ^ Toll, 2006 pp. 115–117
  11. ^ Toll, 2006 p. 117
  12. ^ Harrison, 1858 p.156-158
  13. ^ Toll, 2006 pp.117–119
  14. ^ Harrison, 1858 p.158
  15. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume 3 Part 1 of 4 Naval Operations April 1799 to July 1799, April, 1799 Pg. 62" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  16. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 373-374" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  17. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 394" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  18. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, October to November Pg. 422" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  19. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 3 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, December Pg. 515" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  20. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 3 of 3 Naval Operations August 1799 to December 1799, December Pg. 575-576" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  21. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 1 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, Front Matter January Pg. 117" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 249" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  23. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 3 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, April 1800-May 1800 Pg. 563" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  24. ^ U.S.Navy, DANFS, Insurgent prgh.2
  25. ^ "Naval Documents related to the Quasi-War Between the United States and France Volume Part 2 of 4 Naval Operations January to May, 1800, February, 1800-March, 1800 Pg. 300-302" (PDF). U.S. Government printing office via Imbiblio. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  26. ^ U.S.Navy, DANFS, Insurgent prgh.3

References

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  • Insurgent. DANFS
  • Demerliac, Alain (1996) La Marine De Louis XVI: Nomenclature Des Navires Français De 1774 À 1792. (Nice: Éditions OMEGA). ISBN 2-906381-23-3
  • Harrison, Henry William (1858). Battlefields and naval exploits of the United States: ... >H. C. Peck & Theo. Bliss, Philadelphia. p. 448.
  • Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to enquire into the present state of the affairs of the East India Company, together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix of documents, and a general index, (1830).
  • Powell, John Williams Darmer (1930) Bristol privateers and ships of war. (Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith).
  • Toll, Ian W. (2006). Six frigates: the epic history of the founding of the U.S. Navy. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. pp. 592. ISBN 978-0-393-05847-5.
  • Williams, Greg. H. (2009) The French Assault on American Shipping, 1793-1813: A History and Comprehensive Record of Merchant Marine Losses. (McFarland). ISBN 978-0-7864-5407-5
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