Tsona City (Tibetan: མཚོ་སྣ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།, Chinese: 错那市), formerly Tsona County, is a county-level city in Shannan Prefecture in the southeastern part of the Tibet region of China. Tsona means "The face of the [Nara Yumco] lake" in Tibetan.[2] It lies immediately to the north of the McMahon Line agreed as the mutual border between British India and Tibet in 1914.[a] China has not accepted the 1914 border delineation, but treats it as the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Tsona also borders Bhutan on its southwest.
Tsona
错那市 • མཚོ་སྣ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། Cona, Cuona | |
|---|---|
| Cona City | |
 | |
.png) Location of Tsona County (red) within Shannan Prefecture (yellow) and the Tibet A.R. | |
 The location of Tsona in Shannan City (green and light green below; disputed area contained) | |
  Tsona Location of Tsona in the Tibet A.R.  Tsona Tsona (China) | |
| Coordinates: 27°59′19″N 91°57′31″E / 27.98861°N 91.95861°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Tibet |
| Prefecture-level city | Shannan (Lhoka) |
| Municipal seat | Magmang |
| Area (de facto controlled) | |
| • Total | 6,703.62 km2 (2,588.28 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
| • Total | 13,932 |
| • Density | 2.1/km2 (5.4/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 856700 |
| Website | www |
| Tsona | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 错那市 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 錯那市 | ||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||
| Tibetan | མཚོ་སྣ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | ||||||
| |||||||
History
editIn 1354, the Phagmodrupa dynasty established Tsona County (mtsho sna rdzong).
In the 17th century, sectarian rivalries developed between the Gelugpa sect that was in the ascendant in Central Tibet and the Drukpa sect that got consolidated in Bhutan. The Mera lama of the Merag-Sagteng region in present-day Bhutan,[b] belonging to the Gelugpa sect, was chased out of his native village by the Drukpa forces. He fled to the neighbouring Tawang region.[3][4] The people of Tawang were apparently indifferent to the sectarian divisions, and the Mera lama requested help from the governor of Tsona.[c] However, the Tsona forces were unable to resolve the conflict between the sects. Eventually a direct appeal to the Fifth Dalai Lama was made asking him to "annex" Tawang. According to Tawang records, an edict to this effect was issued in 1680, establishing a new Gelugpa regime in Tawang. The Mera Lama was placed in a position of authority over the region and made responsible to Tsona.[5] Since the traditional route via Trashigang was now lost to Bhutan, a new route was developed via Dirang and the area under the Sela Pass (present day West Kameng) was brought under Tawang's control.[6]
The Fifth Dalai Lama died two years after these events, and his reincarnation was discovered to have been born in Tawang in 1683.[5] The family of the young boy, the next Dalai Lama, was secretly transported to Tsona, where he was raised under the watch of the Tsona dzongpöns.[7] The family was taken to Nakartsé in 1697, after which the Desi (Regent) revealed the news of the Fifth Dalai Lama's death and his reincarnation to be installed as the Sixth Dalai Lama.[8]
In 1912, the Tibetan government established Governorate of Lhoka (lho kha spyi khyab) in Tsedang, governing 13 Dzongs including Tsona; in 1952, it belonged to the Gyantse Sub-committee of the Chinese Communist Party; on August 29, 1956, It belongs to the Lhoka Governorate Office (山南基巧办事处); on May 5, 1959, Tsona County was established, and the county government was stationed in Tsona Town, and it belonged to the Shannan Commissioner's Office; on March 29, 1969, it belonged to the Shannan Regional Revolutionary Committee; in October 1978, it belonged to Shannan Regional Administrative Office; in February 2016, it belongs to prefecture-level Shannan City.[9] On April 3, 2023, the county was withdrawn and established as a city, and the city government was stationed in Mama Menba ethnic township.[10]
Geography
editTwo main south-flowing rivers Nyamjang Chu[11] and Tsona Chu[12] flow through the county and enter India's Tawang district, where they join the Tawang Chu river. Between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu lies an undulating plateau, with streams flowing west to east, often after collecting into lakes. Napa Yutso and Nyapa Tso are two such large lakes.[13]
In addition, the Tsona County also contains the basins of the east-flowing rivers that form the Subansiri River. Loro Karpo Chu (the "white Loro river") in the north leads to the Jorra township. Loro Nakpo Chu (the "black Loro river") leads to the Khartak (or Kardag) township.[14]
Tsona Dzong, the main town and the headquarters of the Tsona County, is in the plateau between Nyamjang Chu and Tsona Chu. It is 34 km north of Bum La Pass, which marks the border with the Tawang district.[15] Immediately to the north of Bum La is the village of Shao (Tibetan: ཤ་འུག, Wylie: sha 'ug), whose full name Shauk Tago has been associated with Guru Padmasambhava and other Buddhist preachers over centuries.[13] The location is mentioned in these texts as being part of "Monyul" i.e., Tawang area.[16]
The total land area of Tsona is 35191.23 square kilometers,[17] and the actual jurisdiction area is 6703.62 square kilometers.[18] The highest peak, Kanggeduo Mountain, is 7,060 meters above sea level. Rivers include Donggaxiong, Cuona, Luodu, Luo, Yu, etc. Lakes include Nariyong, Yang, Danba, Bila, Guwu, Gejin, Jimu, etc.[19] the largest Nariyong covers an area of 58.33 square kilometers. The annual sunshine hours are 2589 hours, the annual frost-free period is 42 days, and the annual precipitation is 384.3 mm. The annual average temperature is -0.6 °C, the average temperature in July is 7.8 °C, and the average temperature in January is -10 °C. Tsona is rich in forest resources, and there are a large number of bamboo forests composed of Tsona arrow bamboo. The national first-class protected animals include Bengal tigers, leopards, snow leopards, red pandas, Tibetan wild donkeys and bisons.[20]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Cona, elevation 4,280 m (14,040 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.9 (35.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.0 (15.8) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
0.4 (32.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −17.0 (1.4) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.9 (0.35) |
12.8 (0.50) |
31.2 (1.23) |
48.0 (1.89) |
44.4 (1.75) |
48.3 (1.90) |
75.8 (2.98) |
79.0 (3.11) |
41.2 (1.62) |
32.0 (1.26) |
4.6 (0.18) |
2.9 (0.11) |
429.1 (16.88) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.2 | 9.3 | 16.7 | 20.9 | 21.1 | 23.1 | 25.9 | 26.4 | 21.0 | 10.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 186.5 |
| Average snowy days | 10.9 | 14.5 | 22.1 | 23.5 | 14.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 9.0 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 108.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63 | 69 | 74 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 74 | 67 | 60 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 253.4 | 228.4 | 237.1 | 211.4 | 207.4 | 189.8 | 149.8 | 152.3 | 193.4 | 245.3 | 257.1 | 263.7 | 2,589.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 77 | 72 | 63 | 55 | 49 | 46 | 36 | 38 | 53 | 70 | 80 | 82 | 60 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[21][22] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
editTsona comprises 1 town, 5 townships and 4 ethnic townships:[23][24]
| Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town | ||||
| Tsona Town | 错那镇 | Cuònà zhèn | མཚོ་སྣ་གྲོང་རྡལ། | mtsho sna grong rdal |
| Townships | ||||
| Kardag Township* | 卡达乡 | Kǎdá xiāng | མཁར་ལྟག་ཤང་། | mkhar ltag shang |
| Jora Township | 觉拉乡 | Juélā xiāng | སྦྱོར་ར་ཤང་། | sbyor ra shang |
| Lampug Township* | 浪坡乡 | Làngpō xiāng | ལམ་ཕུག་ཤང་། | lam phug shang |
| Quchomo Township | 曲卓木乡 | Qǔzhuómù xiāng | ཆུ་དྲོ་མོ་ཤང་། | chu dro mo shang |
| Kaqu Township (Kêqu) |
库局乡 | Kùjú xiāng | ཁ་ཆུ་ཤང་། | kha chu shang |
| Ethnic townships | ||||
| Magmang Monpa Ethnic Township | 麻麻门巴民族乡 | Mámá Ménbā mínzúxiāng | མག་མང་མོན་པ་མི་རིགས་ཤང་། | mag mang mon pa mi rigs shang |
| Gomri Monpa Ethnic Township | 贡日门巴民族乡 | Gòngrì Ménbā mínzúxiāng | སྒོམ་རི་མོན་པ་མི་རིགས་ཤང་། | sgom ri mon pa mi rigs shang |
| Kyipa Monpa Ethnic Township | 吉巴门巴民族乡 | Jíbā Ménbā mínzúxiāng | སྐྱིད་པ་མོན་པ་མི་རིགས་ཤང་། | skyid pa mon pa mi rigs shang |
| Lai Monpa Ethnic Township* | 勒门巴民族乡 | Lè Ménbā mínzúxiāng | སླད་མོན་པ་མི་རིགས་ཤང་། | slad mon pa mi rigs shang |
* includes areas claimed but currently under control of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. | ||||
Society
editAccording to the seventh national census, the population is 13,932, including 12,404 Tibetans, 946 Hans, and 582 other nationalities. The urban population accounts for 20.61%, and the rural population accounts for 79.39%.[25] Agriculture mainly produces highland barley, wheat, peas, potatoes, rapeseed, etc., with a pasture area of more than 353,000 hectares, and the main livestock are yaks, cattle, sheep and goats.[19] In 2020, the regional GDP is 813.954 million yuan, of which the primary industry is 29.001 million yuan, the secondary industry is 429.675 million yuan, and the tertiary industry is 355.279 million yuan; fixed asset investment is 679.51 million yuan, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods is 206.501 million yuan, the per capita disposable income of rural residents is 14,007 yuan, the tax revenue is 43.9986 million yuan, and the tourism income is 37.061 million yuan.[26]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ "山南市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Lhoka. 2021-06-24.
- ^ 错那方志办 (2021-07-20). "错那县". 错那县人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ Nanda, Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands (2020), p. 35.
- ^ Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives (2012).
- ^ a b Aris, Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives (2012), p. 119.
- ^ Nanda, Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands (2020), p. 36.
- ^ Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons (2009), p. 385.
- ^ Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons (2009), p. 387.
- ^ 错那方志办 (2019-01-19). "历史沿革". 错那县人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ 西藏自治区人民政府办公厅 (2023-04-04). "关于批准撤销错那县设立县级错那市的公告". 西藏自治区人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
- ^ Nyamjang Chu, OpenStreetMap, retrieve 8 April 2023.
- ^ Tsona Chu, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ a b Dorje, Footprint Tibet (2004), p. 209.
- ^ Dorje, Footprint Tibet (2004), p. 208.
- ^ Indo-China Border Trade, Department of Trade & Commerce, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ Tenpa, An Early History of the Mon Region (2018), pp. 52–53.
- ^ 西藏自治区第二次全国土地调查领导小组办公室 (ed.). 西藏自治区第二次全国土地调查图集. 西藏自治区国土资源厅. p. 150.
- ^ 西藏山南地区土地资源调查队 (ed.). 西藏山南土地资源评价. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社. p. 110.
- ^ a b 中国大百科全书编委会 (ed.). 中国大百科全书 (第三版 ed.). Retrieved 2023-05-22.
- ^ 错那方志办 (2019-01-19). "自然地理". 错那县人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：错那市. National Bureau of Statistics of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ "汉藏对照工具书__西藏行政地名词典" (in Chinese).
- ^ 错那县统计局 (2021-08-09). "错那县第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报". 错那县人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ^ 错那县统计局 (2020-05-11). "财政金融". 错那县人民政府. Archived from the original on 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
Bibliography
edit- Aris, Michael (2012). Hidden Treasures & Secret Lives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-14914-6.
- Dorje, Gyurme (2004), Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan (3rd ed.), Bath: Footprint Handbooks, ISBN 1-903471-30-3 – via archive.org
- Tenpa, Lobsang (2018), An Early History of the Mon Region (India) and its Relationship with Tibet and Bhutan, South & Inner Asian Studies/ Tibetan & Himalayan Studies, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, ISBN 9789387023345
- Nanda, Neeru (2020), "Tawang and the Mon in their Borderlands: A Historical Overview", in M. Mayilvaganan; Nasima Khatoon; Sourina Bej (eds.), Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition: Life and Society along the India-China Borderland, Springer Singapore, pp. 29–44, ISBN 9789811543463
- Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (2009), One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-17732-1
External links
edit- Tsona County marked on OpenStreetMap
- Cona County Annals