Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Uma
Pipikoro
Native toIndonesia
RegionSulawesi
Native speakers
(20,000 cited 1990)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ppk
Glottologumaa1242
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Phonology

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Consonants

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Consonant inventory
Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
(alveolar)
Retroflex Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d g
prenasalized ᵐp ⁿt ⁿtʃ ᵑk
Fricative β s h
Trill r
Approximant l j (ɭ)

Notes:

  • /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
  • /l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
  • /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.[2]
  • In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
  • The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
  • The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

  • /β/ is 'w'
  • /ɲ/ is 'ny'
  • /ŋ/ is 'ng'
  • /j/ is 'y'
  • /dʒ/ is 'j'
  • /tʃ/ is 'c'
  • /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels

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Vowel inventory
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-Mid e o
Open a

Pronouns

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Pronominals
  Free ABS ERG GEN
1P (SG) akuʔ   -a   ku-   -ku  
1P (PL.ex) kaiʔ   -kai   ki-   -kai  
1P (PL.in) kitaʔ   -ta   ta-   -ta  
2P (SG) iko   -ko   nu-   -nu  
2P (PL) koiʔ   -koi   ni-   -ni  
3P (SG) hiʔa   -i   na-   -na  
3P (PL) hiraʔ   -ra   ra-   -ra  

Notes:[2]

  • ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
  • 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
  • (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
  • [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
  • [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
  • In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
  • In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals

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The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

  1. isaʔ
  2. dua
  3. tolu
  4. opoʔ
  5. lima
  6. ono
  7. pitu
  8. walu
  9. sio
  10. hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

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Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

  • Bana
  • Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
  • Kantewu (= Central Uma)
  • Aria (= Southern Uma)
  • Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
  • Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
  • Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,[3] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

  • Kantewu (= Central)
  • Southern
  • Tolee'
  • Tobaku
  • Winatu
  • Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.

References

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  1. ^ Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Martens 1988a, p. 168
  3. ^ Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2

Bibliography

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  • Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
  • Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.