Tissue microarrays (also TMAs) consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000[1] separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological analysis.
History
editThe major limitations in molecular clinical analysis of tissues include the cumbersome nature of procedures, limited availability of diagnostic reagents and limited patient sample size. The technique of tissue microarray was developed to address these issues.
Multi-tissue blocks were first introduced by H. Battifora in 1986 with his so-called “multitumor (sausage) tissue block" and modified in 1990 with its improvement, "the checkerboard tissue block" . In 1998, J. Kononen and collaborators developed the current technique, which uses a novel sampling approach to produce tissues of regular size and shape that can be more densely and precisely arrayed.
Procedure
editIn the tissue microarray technique, a hollow needle is used to remove tissue cores as small as 0.6 mm in diameter from regions of interest in paraffin-embedded tissues such as clinical biopsies or tumor samples. These tissue cores are then inserted in a recipient paraffin block in a precisely spaced, array pattern. Sections from this block are cut using a microtome, mounted on a microscope slide and then analyzed by any method of standard histological analysis. Each microarray block can be cut into 100 – 500 sections, which can be subjected to independent tests. Tests commonly employed in tissue microarray include immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Tissue microarrays are particularly useful in analysis of cancer samples.
One variation is a Frozen tissue array.
Use in research
editThe use of tissue microarrays in combination with immunohistochemistry has been a preferred method to study and validate cancer biomarkers in various defined cancer patient cohorts. The possibility to assemble a large number of representative cancer samples from a defined patient cohort that also has a corresponding clinical database, provides a powerful resource to study how different protein expression patterns correlate with different clinical parameters. Since patient samples are assembled into the same block, sections can be stained with the same protocol to avoid experimental variability and technical artefacts. Clinical cancer patient cohorts and corresponding tissue microarray sets have been used to study diagnostic, prognostic and treatment predictive cancer biomarkers in most forms of cancer, including lung, breast, colorectal and renal cell cancer.[2][3][4][5]
Immunohistochemistry combined with tissue microarrays has also been used with success in large scale efforts to create a map of protein expression on a more global scale.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Yale University Core Tissue MicroArray Facility". Archived from the original on 10 May 2009.
- ^ Gremel, Gabriela; Bergman, Julia; Djureinovic, Dijana; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Maindad, Vikas; Bharambe, Bhavana M; Khan, Wasif Ali Z A; Navani, Sanjay; Elebro, Jacob (2014-01-01). "A systematic analysis of commonly used antibodies in cancer diagnostics". Histopathology. 64 (2): 293–305. doi:10.1111/his.12255. ISSN 1365-2559. PMID 24330150. S2CID 21225276.
- ^ Camp, Robert L.; Neumeister, Veronique; Rimm, David L. (2008-12-01). "A Decade of Tissue Microarrays: Progress in the Discovery and Validation of Cancer Biomarkers". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (34): 5630–5637. doi:10.1200/jco.2008.17.3567. ISSN 0732-183X. PMID 18936473.
- ^ Fredholm, Hanna; Magnusson, Kristina; Lindström, Linda S.; Garmo, Hans; Fält, Sonja Eaker; Lindman, Henrik; Bergh, Jonas; Holmberg, Lars; Pontén, Fredrik (2016-11-01). "Long-term outcome in young women with breast cancer: a population-based study". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 160 (1): 131–143. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3983-9. ISSN 0167-6806. PMC 5050247. PMID 27624330.
- ^ Gremel, Gabriela; Djureinovic, Dijana; Niinivirta, Marjut; Laird, Alexander; Ljungqvist, Oscar; Johannesson, Henrik; Bergman, Julia; Edqvist, Per-Henrik; Navani, Sanjay (2017-01-04). "A systematic search strategy identifies cubilin as independent prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma". BMC Cancer. 17 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s12885-016-3030-6. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 5215231. PMID 28052770.
- ^ Kampf, Caroline; Olsson, IngMarie; Ryberg, Urban; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Pontén, Fredrik (2012-05-31). "Production of Tissue Microarrays, Immunohistochemistry Staining and Digitalization Within the Human Protein Atlas". Journal of Visualized Experiments (63): e3620. doi:10.3791/3620. ISSN 1940-087X. PMC 3468196. PMID 22688270.
- Battifora H: The multitumor (sausage) tissue block: novel method for immunohistochemical antibody testing. Lab Invest 1986, 55:244-248.
- Battifora H, Mehta P: The checkerboard tissue block. An improved multitissue control block. Lab Invest 1990, 63:722-724.
- Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Kallioniemi A, Barlund M, Schraml P, Leighton S, Torhorst J, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP: Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 1998, 4:844-847.
External links
edit
Media related to Tissue microarray at Wikimedia Commons- National Cancer Institute Tissue Array Research Program
