Tilia caroliniana Mill. is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae native to the southern and south-eastern states of the U.S., and Mexico.[2]
| Tilia caroliniana | |
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| Botanical drawing of Tilia caroliniana subsp. heterophylla. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Tilia |
| Species: | T. caroliniana
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| Binomial name | |
| Tilia caroliniana | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Taxonomy
editT. caroliniana consists of 4 subspecies:[2]
- T. caroliniana subsp. caroliniana
- T. caroliniana subsp. floridana Small (E. Murray)
- T. caroliniana subsp. heterophylla (Vent.) Pigott)
- T. caroliniana subsp. occidentalis (Rose) Pigott)
Trees described as belonging to Tilia mexicana, belong to either subsp. floridana or subsp. occidentalis.[2] However, the taxonomy of American species of Tilia remains a matter of contention. DNA analysis, which has clarified much of the taxonomy of genera such as Ulmus, has yet to be applied to Tilia. Pigott (2012) wrote:[3]
The complexity of variation in American Tilia is not readily treated by classical taxonomy, and attempts to do so have resulted in the description of a profusion of species and varieties that are often separated by small and inconsistent differences.
Description
editTilia caroliniana may grow to 30 m (98 ft) tall with a trunk up to 150 cm (4.9 ft) in diameter, though it usually grows to only 30 ft (9.1 m) to 60 ft (18 m) tall. The leaves are large, very unequal at the base, 7–19 cm (2+3⁄4–7+1⁄2 in) long and 6–14 cm (2+1⁄4–5+1⁄2 in) broad, with a finely toothed margin; they are light green and smooth above, and silvery downy beneath.[4][5] Some leaves on specimens identified as T. mexicana in English arboreta are huge, 30 cm (0.98 ft) long,[6] as exemplified by the specimen at the Ventnor Botanic Garden. The mature bark is gray, scaly, and somewhat ridged; the twigs are reddish-brown and usually hairy.[5] The flowers, larger than those of T. americana, are produced in clusters of 10–24 together. The fruit is spherical, 13 mm (1⁄2 in) diameter, downy, with the fruit bract pointed at the base.[4][2]
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Tree accessed as T. mexicana at Ventnor Botanic Garden, Isle of Wight -
Typical leaf -
Foliage of specimen, at Ventnor B. G. -
Large leaf, >30 cm long -
Flowering T. caroliniana subsp. heterophylla
Distribution
editT. caroliniana is found throughout much of the Deep South from South Carolina through Mississippi, as well as in northern and central Florida, southern North Carolina, parts of Louisiana and Arkansas, and eastern and central Texas. It grows at low elevations.[5]
Uses
editThe young leaves are edible, and can be made into a mild-flavored tea.[7]
Cultivation
editSeed of Mexican specimens collected by the British 1991 expedition in the Sierra Madre Oriental has yielded trees which are 'growing steadily' in British gardens, including on heavy clay. The species is currently (2017) in commerce in the UK.[8]
Notable trees
editIn the UK, the TROBI champion, identified as T. mexicana, grows at Wisley, where it had attained a height of 8 m and a d.b.h. of 17 cm by 2010.[9]
The record-holding tree is located on the campus of Radford University in Virginia.
References
edit- ^ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. (2013). The Plant List. Version 1.1 [1]
- ^ a b c d Pigott, Donald (2012). Lime-trees and Basswoods: A Biological Monograph of the Genus Tilia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–292. ISBN 9780521840545.
- ^ Pigott, Donald (2012). p.253
- ^ a b LaFarge, Timothy (1990). "Tilia heterophylla". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
- ^ a b c Little, Elbert L. (1980). "Carolina Basswood". National Audubon Society Guide to Trees, Eastern Region. Knopf. pp. 598–599.
- ^ Hillier & Sons. (1990). Hillier's Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 5th ed.. David & Charles, Newton Abbot.
- ^ Plants For A Future: Tilia heterophylla
- ^ International Dendrology Society. Tilia mexicana. Trees and Shrubs online. [1]
- ^ Johnson, O. (ed.). (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. ISBN 978-1842464526