Thirlage was a feudal servitude (or astriction) under Scots law restricting manorial tenants in the milling of their grain for personal or other uses. Vassals in a feudal barony were thirled to their local mill owned by the feudal superior. People so thirled were called suckeners and were obliged to pay customary dues for use of the mill and help maintain it.
Background
editThe term thirlage is a metathesis of Scots thrillage 'thralldom', derived from thril 'thrall', which was a body servant, retainer, or vassal to a noble or chief. The term is interchangeable with Scots carl (or English churl) and indicates subservience to the feudal superior and feudal laws, the situation being not that far removed from the conditions of slavery.
The obligations of thirlage eventually ceased to apply, but thirlage in Scotland was only formally and totally abolished on 28 November (Martinmas) 2004 by the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000.[1][2]
An identical feudal astriction existed and was enforced actively in feudal western Europe, e.g. mill soke in England,[3] banalité du moulin in France,[4] banmolen in the Netherlands,[citation needed] Mühlenzwang in Germany.[5]
Thirlage was the feudal law by which the laird (superior) could force all those vassals living on his lands to bring their grain to his mill to be ground. The law ensured that all the grain the vassals produced could be measured and thus taxed. Vassals had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintaining the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. Such trees as beech and particularly hornbeam were grown as a crop to provide the necessary wood for the mill machinery.[6][7]
The Thirlage Act[which?] was repealed by the Thirlage Act 1799 (39 Geo. 3. c. 55)[7] and after this many mills fell out of use as competition and unsubsidised running costs took their toll. This explains why so many mills ceased to be marked on maps after this date. Lambroch Mill for example was on the Annick Water near Stewarton in Ayrshire and apart from the weir and some other indications, it has entirely vanished, most likely because it was the thirlage mill for Lambroughton and its business went to Lainshaw or Cunninghamhead mill after the Thirlage Act was repealed.
Sucken
edit
The 'sucken' was the area over which a mill held thirlage over tenants and a 'suckener' (or 'in-sucken multurer') was a tenant thirled to a particular mill. The millers were obliged to enforce the adherence of tenants to the thirlage laws, since the income of the miller was based on that portion of the tenants' grain that the miller was legally entitled to take for the act of milling the grain. The legal term 'astricted' was applied to a tenant who was thirled or bonded to a particular mill.[6] The term outsucken was applied to a mill which ground corn from outside its sucken for whatever reason.
Multure
editMulture (or mulcture), pronounced 'mooter', was the name for the mill toll: a fixed proportion of the tenant's grain, paid to the miller by the suckener to grind the corn. The term 'dry multure' was often used, indicating the multure that a tenant had to pay, whether the grain was to be ground or not. Failure to take grain to the thirled mill was termed 'abstracted multure' and could result in the suckener being fined. The term 'bannock' denoted the payment to a miller's servant amounting to a handful of meal, in addition to that given as knaveship, this being a handful of cereal from each load milled.[6] After the abolition of thirlage the term 'lick of goodwill' or 'lock' was the term for the miller's payment for grinding the cereal, etc.
Aiton records in 1811 that barley, wheat, peas, beans, and every form of green crop were exempt from multure.[8]
Grassum
editThis was the payment, amounting to a year's rent, for a miller to enter into rights under the law of thirlage. This was a significant sum, and the miller was often forced to insist on his rights of multure to make a reasonable living.[9] By 1811 grassum was almost unknown in Ayrshire.[8]
Dishonesty
editThe Scots term mill-bitch was used for a bag hung near the millstones into which a dishonest miller would slip a handful of meal now and then. The 'mill-ring' is the space between the millstones and the wooden frame. This space inevitably collected meal and was enlarged by unscrupulous millers to increase the amount that accumulated to their benefit. The term 'ring the mill' was used in common discourse to mean a 'cheat'.
Quern-stones
edit
Early Scottish multurers' duty to use their baron's mill could be legally enforced by the miller breaking quern-stones.[6]: 98 Querns allow free grinding at home to gain independence from thirlage.[11] Many quern-stones were intentionally broken.[12] This is maybe after having been broken purposely according to thirlage law.[citation needed][speculation?] However, there are various ceremonial explanations.[13][12]
Thirlage Act 1799
edit| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title | An Act for encouraging the improvement of lands subject to the servitude of thirlage in that part of Great Britain called Scotland. |
|---|---|
| Citation | 39 Geo. 3. c. 55 |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 13 June 1799 |
| Other legislation | |
| Amended by | Statute Law Revision Act 1888 |
Status: Amended | |
| Text of the Thirlage Act 1799 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. | |
The Act allowed those suckeners bound by thirlage to make a one-off payment that 'bought' them out of the various legal requirements:
And whereas there is a kind of thirlage known in the law and practice of Scotland, called a thirlage of the invecta et illata, to which sundry towns, burghs, burghs of barony, villages or other places in that part of the kingdom and the inhabitants thereof are subject, which thirlage it is expedient to allow to be purchased by the persons subject to the same: Be it therefore enacted, that if any inhabitant or inhabitants of such town, burgh, village or place, shall be desirous to purchase an exemption from the said servitude of thirlage, and all and every the services and prestations incident thereto, to which the whole town, burgh, village or place is liable, from the proprietor of such mill or mills entitled to the same, it shall be lawful and competent to them to apply in manner above mentioned to the sheriff or steward depute of the county in which such town, burgh, village or place is situate, who shall take such proceedings and summon a jury in such manner as is herein-before particularly directed, which jury shall by their verdict fix and determine the full value in money of such right of thirlage in perpetuity; on which verdict and determination the said sheriff or steward depute or substitute shall pronounce decreet against the person or persons so petitioning or applying to him as aforesaid for the sum so fixed and determined by such jury; on payment of which to the proprietor of the mill, such town, burgh, village or place, or such inhabitant or inhabitants thereof, formerly subject to such thirlage, shall thenceforth be for ever freed and relieved from the same.
Section 55 of the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 abolished the last vestiges of thirlage as of 28 November 2004.[1][2]
Transporting millstones
editUnder thirlage the suckeners had to convey new millstones to their thirled mill, sometimes over significant distances. The width of some of the first roads was determined by the requirement to have at least two people on either side of a new grindstone being transported, with a wooden axle called a 'mill-wand' passed through the hole in the centre.[14]
Aid to the poor
editSuckeners would place a small amount of grain in a bag at the mill which would be used to help feed the poor or those suffering hard times.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Scottish Parliament. Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
- ^ a b Scottish Parliament. Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (Appointed Day) Order 2003 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
- ^ Querns and millstones Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sée, Henri (1905). "Les classes rurales en Bretagne, du XVIe siècle à la Révolution (suite)". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 21 (4): 474–520. doi:10.3406/abpo.1905.1234.
- ^ Archiv für die neueste Gesetzgebung aller deutschen Staaten (in German). Kupferberg. 1832.
- ^ a b c d e Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700–1900. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7.
- ^ a b Ferguson, Robert (2005). A Miller's Tale: The Life and Times of Dalgarven Mill. ISBN 0-9550935-0-3.
- ^ a b Aiton, William (1811). General View of The Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful Engravings. Glasgow. Page 173
- ^ Warrack, Alexander (1982)."Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers. ISBN 0-550-11801-2.
- ^ Garnett, T. Observations on a Tour through the Highlands and part of the Western Isles of Scotland, particularly Staff and Icolmkill. Pub. T. Cadell. The Strand. P. 155.
- ^ Campbell, Alexandra (18 January 2019). "Extractive Poetics: Marine Energies in Scottish Literature". Humanities. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.3390/h8010016. hdl:20.500.11820/cee30c13-dba7-4017-973c-93f26ba49823. ISSN 2076-0787.
- ^ a b Watts, Susan Rosina (March 2012). The Structured Deposition of Querns: The Contexts of Use and Deposition of Querns in the South-West of England from the Neolithic to the Iron Age (Doctor of Philosophy in Archaeology thesis). University of Exeter. p. 26. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
- ^ Cleary, Kerri (2 November 2017). "Broken Bones and Broken Stones: Exploring Fragmentation in Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlement Contexts in Ireland". European Journal of Archaeology. 21 (3): 336–360. doi:10.1017/eaa.2017.61. ISSN 1461-9571.
- ^ Carrie, John (1881). Ancient Things in Angus: A Series of Articles on Ancient Things, Manners, and Customs, in Forfarshire. Thomas Buncle. p. 29.