Template:Physical constants/doc
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This template provides easy inclusion of the latest CODATA recommended values of physical constants in articles. It gives the most recent values published, and will be updated when newer values become available, which is typically every four years.
The values have been updated to the CODATA 2022 values. This includes the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which made the values of several constants exact (e.g. e), whereas some previously exactly defined constants acquired an uncertainty (e.g. μ0).
Usage
editArguments
editsymbol
- If set to
yes
, the value is preceded by the symbol of the constant, followed by ≈ or = depending on whether or notround
is set. round
- If omitted, the value is shown along with its standard uncertainty. If set to an integer n, the value is rounded to the first n digits after the decimal point (trailing zeros are unfortunately omitted).
unit
- If set to
no
, the unit of measurement is not shown. ref
- If set to
no
, no reference is given. If set toonly
, only the reference is given. after
- Text (e.g. punctuation) to be shown after the constant before the reference.
runc
- If set to
yes
, this will provide only the relative standard uncertainty of the value and its reference.
Available constants
editCode | Constant | Value | Relative standard uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
c
|
speed of light | c = 299792458 m⋅s−1 | ur(c) = 0[1] |
e
|
elementary charge | e = 1.602176634×10−19 C | ur(e) = 0[2] |
eV
|
electronvolt | eV = 1.602176634×10−19 J | ur(eV) = 0[3] |
F
|
Faraday constant | F = 9.648533212...×104 C⋅mol−1 | ur(F) = 0[4] |
G
|
Newtonian constant of gravitation | G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2 | ur(G) = 2.2×10−5[5] |
G0
|
conductance quantum | G0 = 7.748091729...×10−5 S | ur(G0) = 0[6] |
G0inv
|
inverse conductance quantum | G0−1 = 12906.40372... Ω | ur(G0−1) = 0[7] |
GF/hbarc3
|
Fermi coupling constant | GF/(ħc)3 = 1.1663787(6)×10−5 GeV−2 | ur(GF/(ħc)3) = 5.1×10−7[8] |
h
|
Planck constant | h = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅Hz−1 | ur(h) = 0[9] |
h_eV/Hz
|
Planck constant in eV/Hz | h = 4.135667696...×10−15 eV⋅Hz−1 | ur(h) = 0[10] |
hbar
|
reduced Planck constant | ħ = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s | ur(ħ) = 0[11] |
hbar_eVs
|
reduced Planck constant in eV⋅s | ħ = 6.582119569...×10−16 eV⋅s | ur(ħ) = 0[12] |
k
|
Boltzmann constant | k = 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1 | ur(k) = 0[13] |
KJ
|
Josephson constant | KJ = 483597.8484...×109 Hz⋅V−1 | ur(KJ) = 0[14] |
NA
|
Avogadro constant | NA = 6.02214076×1023 mol−1 | ur(NA) = 0[15] |
NAh
|
molar Planck constant | NAh = 3.990312712...×10−10 J⋅Hz−1⋅mol−1 | ur(NAh) = 0[16] |
RK
|
von Klitzing constant | RK = 25812.80745... Ω | ur(RK) = 0[17] |
Z0
|
characteristic impedance of vacuum | Z0 = 376.730313412(59) Ω | ur(Z0) = 1.6×10−10[18] |
alpha
|
fine-structure constant | α = 0.0072973525643(11) | ur(α) = 1.6×10−10[19] |
alphainv
|
inverse fine-structure constant | α−1 = 137.035999177(21) | ur(α−1) = 1.6×10−10[20] |
eps0
|
vacuum electric permittivity | ε0 = 8.8541878188(14)×10−12 F⋅m−1 | ur(ε0) = 1.6×10−10[21] |
sin2thW
|
sine-square weak mixing angle | sin2θW = 0.22305(23) | ur(sin2θW) = 1.0×10−3[22] |
mu0
|
vacuum magnetic permeability | μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2 | ur(μ0) = 1.6×10−10[23] |
Phi0
|
magnetic flux quantum | Φ0 = 2.067833848...×10−15 Wb | ur(Φ0) = 0[24] |
Thermal radiation | |||
bwien
|
Wien wavelength displacement law constant | b = 2.897771955...×10−3 m⋅K | ur(b) = 0[25] |
bwien'
|
Wien frequency displacement law constant | b′ = 5.878925757...×1010 Hz⋅K−1 | ur(b′) = 0[26] |
c1
|
first radiation constant | c1 = 3.741771852...×10−16 W⋅m2 | ur(c1) = 0[27] |
c1L
|
first radiation constant for spectral radiance | c1L = 1.191042972...×10−16 W⋅m2⋅sr−1 | ur(c1L) = 0[28] |
c2
|
second radiation constant | c2 = 1.438776877...×10−2 m⋅K | ur(c2) = 0[29] |
sigma
|
Stefan–Boltzmann constant | σ = 5.670374419...×10−8 W⋅m−2⋅K−4 | ur(σ) = 0[30] |
Particle-related values | |||
asil
|
lattice parameter of silicon | a = 5.431020511(89)×10−10 m | ur(a) = 1.6×10−8[31] |
a0
|
Bohr radius | a0 = 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m | ur(a0) = 1.6×10−10[32] |
ae
|
electron magnetic moment anomaly | ae = 0.00115965218046(18) | ur(ae) = 1.6×10−10[33] |
Ar(d)
|
deuteron relative atomic mass | Ar(d) = 2.013553212544(15) | ur(Ar(d)) = 7.4×10−12[34] |
Ar(e)
|
electron relative atomic mass | Ar(e) = 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 | ur(Ar(e)) = 1.8×10−11[35] |
Ar(h)
|
helion relative atomic mass | Ar(h) = 3.014932246932(74) | ur(Ar(h)) = 2.5×10−11[36] |
Ar(n)
|
neutron relative atomic mass | Ar(n) = 1.00866491606(40) | ur(Ar(n)) = 4.0×10−10[37] |
Ar(p)
|
proton relative atomic mass | Ar(p) = 1.0072764665789(83) | ur(Ar(p)) = 8.3×10−12[38] |
Ar(t)
|
triton relative atomic mass | Ar(t) = 3.01550071597(10) | ur(Ar(t)) = 3.4×10−11[39] |
Ar(alpha)
|
alpha particle relative atomic mass | Ar(α) = 4.001506179129(62) | ur(Ar(α)) = 1.6×10−11[40] |
-e/me
|
electron charge-to-mass ratio | −e/me = −1.75882000838(55)×1011 C⋅kg−1 | ur(−e/me) = 3.1×10−10[41] |
Eh
|
Hartree energy | Eh = 4.3597447222060(48)×10−18 J | ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[42] |
Eh_eV
|
Hartree energy in eV | Eh = 27.211386245981(30) eV | ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[43] |
ge
|
electron g-factor | ge− = −2.00231930436092(36) | ur(ge−) = 1.8×10−13[44] |
gn
|
neutron g-factor | gn = −3.82608552(90) | ur(gn) = 2.4×10−7[45] |
gp
|
proton g-factor | gp = 5.5856946893(16) | ur(gp) = 2.9×10−10[46] |
gmu
|
muon g-factor | gμ− = −2.00233184123(82) | ur(gμ−) = 4.1×10−10[47] |
h/2me
|
quantum of circulation | πħ/me = 3.6369475467(11)×10−4 m2⋅s−1 | ur(πħ/me) = 3.1×10−10[48] |
md
|
deuteron mass | md = 3.3435837768(10)×10−27 kg | ur(md) = 3.1×10−10[49] |
md_Da
|
deuteron mass in daltons | md = 2.013553212544(15) Da | ur(md) = 7.4×10−12[50] |
me
|
electron mass | me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg | ur(me) = 3.1×10−10[51] |
me_Da
|
electron mass in daltons | me = 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 Da | ur(me) = 1.8×10−11[52] |
me/mp
|
electron-to-proton mass ratio | me/mp = 0.0005446170214889(94) | ur(me/mp) = 1.7×10−11[53] |
me/mmu
|
electron-to-muon mass ratio | me/mμ = 0.00483633170(11) | ur(me/mμ) = 2.2×10−8[54] |
mec2
|
electron mass energy equivalent | mec2 = 8.1871057880(26)×10−14 J | ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[55] |
mec2_MeV
|
electron mass energy equivalent in MeV | mec2 = 0.51099895069(16) MeV | ur(mec2) = 3.1×10−10[56] |
mh
|
helion mass | mh = 5.0064127862(16)×10−27 kg | ur(mh) = 3.1×10−10[57] |
mh_Da
|
helion mass in daltons | mh = 3.014932246932(74) Da | ur(mh) = 2.5×10−11[58] |
mn
|
neutron mass | mn = 1.67492750056(85)×10−27 kg | ur(mn) = 5.1×10−10[59] |
mn_Da
|
neutron mass in daltons | mn = 1.00866491606(40) Da | ur(mn) = 4.0×10−10[60] |
mnc2
|
neutron mass energy equivalent | mnc2 = 1.50534976514(76)×10−10 J | ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[61] |
mnc2_MeV
|
neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV | mnc2 = 939.56542194(48) MeV | ur(mnc2) = 5.1×10−10[62] |
mp
|
proton mass | mp = 1.67262192595(52)×10−27 kg | ur(mp) = 3.1×10−10[63] |
mp_Da
|
proton mass in daltons | mp = 1.0072764665789(83) Da | ur(mp) = 8.3×10−12[64] |
mp/me
|
proton-to-electron mass ratio | mp/me = 1836.152673426(32) | ur(mp/me) = 1.7×10−11[65] |
mpc2
|
proton mass energy equivalent | mpc2 = 1.50327761802(47)×10−10 J | ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[66] |
mpc2_MeV
|
proton mass energy equivalent in MeV | mpc2 = 938.27208943(29) MeV | ur(mpc2) = 3.1×10−10[67] |
mu
|
atomic mass constant | mu = 1.66053906892(52)×10−27 kg | ur(mu) = 3.1×10−10[68] |
muc2
|
atomic mass constant energy equivalent | muc2 = 1.49241808768(46)×10−10 J | ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[69] |
muc2_MeV
|
atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV | muc2 = 931.49410372(29) MeV | ur(muc2) = 3.1×10−10[70] |
mW/mZ
|
W-to-Z mass ratio | mW/mZ = 0.88145(13) | ur(mW/mZ) = 1.5×10−4[71] |
malpha
|
alpha particle mass | mα = 6.6446573450(21)×10−27 kg | ur(mα) = 3.1×10−10[72] |
malpha_Da
|
alpha particle mass in daltons | mα = 4.001506179129(62) Da | ur(mα) = 1.6×10−11[73] |
malphac2_GeV
|
alpha particle mass energy equivalent in GeV | mαc2 = 3.7273794118(11) GeV | ur(mαc2) = 3.0×10−10[74] |
mmu
|
muon mass | mμ = 1.883531627(42)×10−28 kg | ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[75] |
mmu_Da
|
muon mass in daltons | mμ = 0.1134289257(22) Da | ur(mμ) = 2.2×10−8[76] |
mmu/me
|
muon-to-electron mass ratio | mμ/me = 206.7682827(46) | ur(mμ/me) = 2.2×10−8[77] |
mmuc2
|
muon mass energy equivalent | mμc2 = 1.692833804(38)×10−11 J | ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[78] |
mmuc2_MeV
|
muon mass energy equivalent in MeV | mμc2 = 105.6583755(23) MeV | ur(mμc2) = 2.2×10−8[79] |
mtau
|
tau mass | mτ = 3.16754(21)×10−27 kg | ur(mτ) = 6.8×10−5[80] |
mtau_Da
|
tau mass in daltons | mτ = 1.90754(13) Da | ur(mτ) = 6.8×10−5[81] |
mtau/me
|
tau-to-electron mass ratio | mτ/me = 3477.23(23) | ur(mτ/me) = 6.8×10−5[82] |
mtau/mmu
|
tau-to-muon mass ratio | mτ/mμ = 16.8170(11) | ur(mτ/mμ) = 6.8×10−5[83] |
mtauc2
|
tau mass energy equivalent | mτc2 = 2.84684(19)×10−10 J | ur(mτc2) = 6.8×10−5[84] |
mtauc2_MeV
|
tau mass energy equivalent in MeV | mτc2 = 1776.86(12) MeV | ur(mτc2) = 6.8×10−5[85] |
MC12
|
molar mass of carbon-12 | M(12C) = 12.0000000126(37)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 | ur(M(12C)) = 3.1×10−10[86] |
Mu
|
molar mass constant | Mu = 1.00000000105(31)×10−3 kg⋅mol−1 | ur(Mu) = 3.1×10−10[87] |
rd
|
deuteron rms charge radius | rd = 2.12778(27)×10−15 m | ur(rd) = 1.3×10−4[88] |
re
|
classical electron radius | re = 2.8179403205(13)×10−15 m | ur(re) = 4.7×10−10[89] |
rp
|
proton root-mean-square charge radius | rp = 8.4075(64)×10−16 m | ur(rp) = 7.4×10−4[90] |
R
|
molar gas constant | R = 8.314462618... J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 | ur(R) = 0[91] |
Rinf
|
Rydberg constant | R∞ = 10973731.568157(12) m−1 | ur(R∞) = 1.1×10−12[92] |
Rinfc
|
Rydberg frequency | R∞c = 3.2898419602500(36)×1015 Hz | ur(R∞c) = 1.1×10−12[93] |
Rinfhc
|
Rydberg unit of energy | R∞hc = 2.1798723611030(24)×10−18 J | ur(R∞hc) = 1.1×10−12[94] |
Rinfhc_eV
|
Rydberg unit of energy in eV | R∞hc = 13.605693122990(15) eV | ur(R∞hc) = 1.1×10−12[95] |
VmSi
|
molar volume of silicon | Vm(Si) = 1.205883199(60)×10−5 m3⋅mol−1 | ur(Vm(Si)) = 4.9×10−8[96] |
gammae
|
electron gyromagnetic ratio | γe = −1.76085962784(55)×1011 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γe) = 3.1×10−10[97] |
gammabare
|
electron Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio | γe/2π = −28024.9513861(87) MHz⋅T−1 | ur(γe/2π) = 3.1×10−10[98] |
gamman
|
neutron gyromagnetic ratio | γn = −1.83247174(43)×108 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γn) = 2.4×10−7[99] |
gammabarn
|
neutron Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio | γn/2π = −29.1646935(69) MHz⋅T−1 | ur(γn/2π) = 2.4×10−7[100] |
gammap
|
proton gyromagnetic ratio | γp = 2.6752218708(11)×108 s−1⋅T−1 | ur(γp) = 4.3×10−10[101] |
gammabarp
|
proton Larmor frequency to magnetic flux density ratio | γp/2π = 42.577478461(18) MHz⋅T−1 | ur(γp/2π) = 4.3×10−10[102] |
DnuCs
|
hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133 | Δν(133Cs)hfs = 9192631770 Hz | ur(Δν(133Cs)hfs) = 0[103] |
muB
|
Bohr magneton | μB = 9.2740100657(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 | ur(μB) = 3.1×10−10[104] |
mue
|
electron magnetic moment | μe = −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1 | ur(μe) = 3.1×10−10[105] |
mue/muB
|
electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio | μe/μB = −1.00115965218046(18) | ur(μe/μB) = 1.8×10−13[106] |
mun
|
neutron magnetic moment | μn = −9.6623653(23)×10−27 J⋅T−1 | ur(μn) = 2.4×10−7[107] |
mun/muN
|
neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio | μn/μN = −1.91304276(45) | ur(μn/μN) = 2.4×10−7[108] |
muN
|
nuclear magneton | μN = 5.0507837393(16)×10−27 J⋅T−1 | ur(μN) = 3.1×10−10[109] |
mup
|
proton magnetic moment | μp = 1.41060679545(60)×10−26 J⋅T−1 | ur(μp) = 4.3×10−10[110] |
mup/muB
|
proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio | μp/μB = 0.00152103220230(45) | ur(μp/μB) = 3.0×10−10[111] |
mup/muN
|
proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio | μp/μN = 2.79284734463(82) | ur(μp/μN) = 2.9×10−10[112] |
mumu
|
muon magnetic moment | μμ = −4.49044830(18)×10−26 J⋅T−1 | ur(μμ) = 2.2×10−8[113] |
sigmae
|
electron Thomson cross section | σe = 6.6524587051(62)×10−29 m2 | ur(σe) = 9.3×10−10[114] |
Conventional electrical units | |||
KJ90
|
conventional value of Josephson constant | KJ-90 = 483597.9×109 Hz⋅V−1 | ur(KJ-90) = 0[115] |
RK90
|
conventional value of von Klitzing constant | RK-90 = 25812.807 Ω | ur(RK-90) = 0[116] |
A90
|
conventional ampere | A90 = 1.00000008887... A | ur(A90) = 0[117] |
C90
|
conventional coulomb | C90 = 1.00000008887... C | ur(C90) = 0[118] |
F90
|
conventional farad | F90 = 0.99999998220... F | ur(F90) = 0[119] |
H90
|
conventional henry | H90 = 1.00000001779... H | ur(H90) = 0[120] |
V90
|
conventional volt | V90 = 1.00000010666... V | ur(V90) = 0[121] |
W90
|
conventional watt | W90 = 1.00000019553... W | ur(W90) = 0[122] |
ohm90
|
conventional ohm | Ω90 = 1.00000001779... Ω | ur(Ω90) = 0[123] |
Atomic units | |||
aulen
|
atomic unit of length | a0 = 5.29177210544(82)×10−11 m | ur(a0) = 1.6×10−10[124] |
autime
|
atomic unit of time | ħ/Eh = 2.4188843265864(26)×10−17 s | ur(ħ/Eh) = 1.1×10−12[125] |
auvel
|
atomic unit of velocity | a0Eh/ħ = 2.18769126216(34)×106 m⋅s−1 | ur(a0Eh/ħ) = 1.6×10−10[126] |
aumass
|
atomic unit of mass | me = 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg | ur(me) = 3.1×10−10[127] |
aumom
|
atomic unit of momentum | ħ/a0 = 1.99285191545(31)×10−24 kg⋅m⋅s−1 | ur(ħ/a0) = 1.6×10−10[128] |
auener
|
atomic unit of energy | Eh = 4.3597447222060(48)×10−18 J | ur(Eh) = 1.1×10−12[129] |
auforce
|
atomic unit of force | Eh/a0 = 8.2387235038(13)×10−8 N | ur(Eh/a0) = 1.6×10−10[130] |
auact
|
atomic unit of action | ħ = 1.054571817...×10−34 J⋅s | ur(ħ) = 0[131] |
auec
|
atomic unit of electric charge | e = 1.602176634×10−19 C | ur(e) = 0[132] |
auedm
|
atomic unit of electric dipole moment | ea0 = 8.4783536198(13)×10−30 C⋅m | ur(ea0) = 1.6×10−10[133] |
aueqm
|
atomic unit of electric quadrupole moment | ea02 = 4.4865515185(14)×10−40 C⋅m2 | ur(ea02) = 3.1×10−10[134] |
auecd
|
atomic unit of electric charge density | e/a03 = 1.08120238677(51)×1012 C⋅m−3 | ur(e/a03) = 0[135] |
aucur
|
atomic unit of electric current | eEh/ħ = 6.6236182375082(72)×10−3 A | ur(eEh/ħ) = 1.1×10−12[136] |
auepot
|
atomic unit of electric potential | Eh/e = 27.211386245981(30) V | ur(Eh/e) = 1.1×10−12[137] |
auef
|
atomic unit of electric field | Eh/ea0 = 5.14220675112(80)×1011 V⋅m−1 | ur(Eh/ea0) = 1.6×10−10[138] |
auefg
|
atomic unit of electric field gradient | Eh/ea02 = 9.7173624424(30)×1021 V⋅m−2 | ur(Eh/ea02) = 3.1×10−10[139] |
auperm
|
atomic unit of permittivity | e2/a0Eh = 1.11265005620(17)×10−10 F⋅m−1 | ur(e2/a0Eh) = 1.6×10−10[140] |
auepol
|
atomic unit of electric polarizability | e2a02/Eh = 1.64877727212(51)×10−41 C2⋅m2⋅J−1 | ur(e2a02/Eh) = 3.1×10−10[141] |
au1hypol
|
atomic unit of 1st hyperpolarizability | e3a03/Eh2 = 3.2063612996(15)×10−53 C3⋅m3⋅J−2 | ur(e3a03/Eh2) = 4.7×10−10[142] |
au2hypol
|
atomic unit of 2nd hyperpolarizability | e4a04/Eh3 = 6.2353799735(39)×10−65 C4⋅m4⋅J−3 | ur(e4a04/Eh3) = 6.2×10−10[143] |
aumfd
|
atomic unit of magnetic flux density | ħ/ea02 = 2.35051757077(73)×105 T | ur(ħ/ea02) = 3.1×10−10[144] |
aumdm
|
atomic unit of magnetic dipole moment | ħe/me = 1.85480201315(58)×10−23 J⋅T−1 | ur(ħe/me) = 3.1×10−10[145] |
aumag
|
atomic unit of magnetizability | e2a02/me = 7.8910365794(49)×10−29 J⋅T−2 | ur(e2a02/me) = 6.2×10−10[146] |
Planck units | |||
lP
|
Planck length | lP = 1.616255(18)×10−35 m | ur(lP) = 1.1×10−5[147] |
tP
|
Planck time | tP = 5.391247(60)×10−44 s | ur(tP) = 1.1×10−5[148] |
mP
|
Planck mass | mP = 2.176434(24)×10−8 kg | ur(mP) = 1.1×10−5[149] |
TP
|
Planck temperature | TP = 1.416784(16)×1032 K | ur(TP) = 1.1×10−5[150] |
Standard values | |||
atm
|
standard atmosphere | atm = 101325 Pa | ur(atm) = 0[151] |
g0
|
standard acceleration of gravity | g0 = 9.80665 m⋅s−2 | ur(g0) = 0[152] |
Examples
edit{{Physical constants|c|unit=no|after= [[metre per second|metres per second]].}}
- 299792458 metres per second.[1]
{{Physical constants|mu0|symbol=yes}}
- μ0 = 1.25663706127(20)×10−6 N⋅A−2[23]
{{Physical constants|G|symbol=yes}}
- G = 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2[5]
{{Physical constants|hbar|round=2|symbol=yes}}
- ħ ≈ 1.05×10−34 J⋅s[11]
The relative standard uncertainty of ''m''<sub>u</sub> is {{Physical constants|mu|runc=yes|after=.}}
- The relative standard uncertainty of mu is 3.1×10−10.[68]
For the electron mass, {{Physical constants|me|runc=yes|symbol=yes|ref=no}}.
- For the electron mass, ur(me) = 3.1×10−10.
NIST publishes the CODATA value of the [[elementary charge]].{{Physical constants|e|ref=only}}
- NIST publishes the CODATA value of the elementary charge.[2]
See also
edit- /data, the subtemplate that holds all of the data
References
edit- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron volt". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Faraday constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck constant in eV/Hz". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant in eV s". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: characteristic impedance of vacuum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: weak mixing angle". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: second radiation constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: lattice parameter of silicon". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment anomaly". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: helion relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neuton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: triton relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle relative atomic mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron charge to mass quotient". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon g factor". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron-proton mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron-muon mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: helion mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ a b "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: W to Z mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: alpha particle mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau-electron mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau-muon mass ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau mass energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: tau energy equivalent". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar mass constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: deuteron rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: classical electron radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton rms charge radius". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar gas constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times c in Hz". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times hc in J". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant times hc in eV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton gyromagnetic ratio in MHz/T". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: neutron magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: proton magnetic moment to nuclear magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: muon magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of length". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of velocity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of momentum". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of energy". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of force". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of action". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric dipole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric quadrupole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of charge density". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of current". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric potential". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric field". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric field gradient". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of permittivity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of electric polarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of 1st hyperpolarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of 2nd hyperpolarizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetic flux density". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetic dipole moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: atomic unit of magnetizability". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck length". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck time". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: Planck temperature". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.