The Tehreek Nizam-e-Mustafa or the Nizam-e-Mustafa (Urdu: تحریک نظام مصطفی, lit. 'Movement of the system of the Prophet') was a populist, Islamist movement and a slogan which was started in Pakistan by the Jamat-e-Islami and the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977[1] to overthrow the secular and socialist government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and establish an Islamic system in Pakistan, inspired from the Sharia, the PNA, which had started this movement believed that the 1977 Elections of Pakistan had been rigged by Bhutto, and therefore, lacked any legitimacy.[2]
The movement was started by an alliance of 9 parties which also formed the Pakistan National Alliance, the supporters of this movement carried out large protests across the country, demanding Bhutto to step down, however, things went south as the law enforcement agencies opened fire on the protestors, and Section-144 was declared across Pakistan, which allowed the state to ban the people from carrying much of their outdoor activities.[3][4]
The political instability in Pakistan resulted in a military coup d'état by the Chief of Army Staff, Zia-Ul-Haq in 1977, as Zia-Ul-Haq made calls for a political retribution, and announced the introduction of Islamization reforms, the Nizam-e-Mustafa Movement soon lost its significance.[2]
The movement ceased to exist after the PNA was dissolved in 1978 when the allied parties started to diverge on their agenda.
Downfall of the Movement edit
As the PNA launched a national campaign, dubbed the Nizam-e-Mustafa, against the Bhutto Administration, violence ensued, after several months of demonstrations and street violence, Bhutto attempted to negotiate with the alliance, but he was not met with any positive response.[5]
On 5 July 1977, Bhutto accused the United States of plotting a coup against him and indicated that this movement is fully funded by foreign powers.[6] As a result, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto tried to crush the power of this alliance, with the help of his agencies such as FSF and Rangers and for this reason was also considered the cause of Bhutto's hanging on 4 April 1979. In a coup staged by General Zia, Bhutto was removed from office with majority of his colleagues.[5]
Following the declaration of Martial Law by Zia-Ul-Haq, the conservatives and Islamist fronts split and decided to fully support General Zia-Ul-Haq in his Islamization reforms, whereas the leftist members of the alliance decided to either oppose him, or stay neutral, and as Bhutto was imprisoned, the uneasy alliance started to quickly break, by 1978 it had completely dissolved.[5]
Alliance Members of the PNA edit
The Alliance which started this movement consisted of 9 parties, each of which had an agenda, ideology, political goal and background different from each other. Many of the parties are now known by different names and have largely gone into irrelevance in Pakistani Politics, with the exception of a few. However, during the peak of the Nizam-e-Mustafa Movement, the alliance consisted of the following members:
References edit
- ^ Esposito, John L. EspositoJohn L. (2003-01-01), Esposito, John L. (ed.), "Nizam-i Mustafa Movement", The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0, retrieved 2022-12-11
- ^ a b "Nizam-i Mustafa Movement". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- ^ "ePaper News Mar 29, 2013, لاہور, Page 13". Nawaiwaqt (in Urdu). 29 March 2013. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
- ^ Kokab, Rizwan Ullah. "Religious Motivation behind Political Movement: A Case Study of Nizam-e-Mustafa Movement".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Husain Haqqani (July 2005). Pakistan. Internet Archive. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1.
- ^ Hussain, Rizwan (2005). Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-4434-7.