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Tamil genocide

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The Tamil genocide, also known as the Sri Lankan Tamil genocide, or the Eelam Tamil genocide, refers to the various acts of physical violence and cultural destruction committed against the Tamil population in Sri Lanka during the ethnic conflict, particularly the Sri Lankan civil war. Various commenters have accused the Sri Lankan state of responsibility for and complicity in Tamil genocide and point to state-sponsored settler colonialism, state-backed pogroms, and mass killings, enforced disappearances and sexual violence by the security forces as examples of genocidal acts.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The conflict and its brutal end have sparked an international debate and they have also led to calls for accountability and justice.[14][15][16]

Tamil Genocide
தமிழர் இனப்படுகொலை
Part of Sri Lankan Civil War
Tamil Civilians are being displaced from parts of Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts as a result of the Sri Lanka Army's military offensive in September 2008.
LocationSri Lanka
TargetSri Lankan Tamils
Attack type
Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, mass shooting, hate crime shelling, hostage taking, forced disappearance, denial of humanitarian aid, summary execution, rape, land grabbing, colonization
Deaths1956-2009: 154,022 to 253,818 Tamil civilians killed:[1]
  • 1956-2001: 79,155 Tamil civilians killed: 54,044 killed + 25,266 disappeared forever (TCHR, 2004) [2]
  • 2002-2008 Dec: 4,867 Tamil civilians killed: 3,545 killed + 1,322 disappeared forever (Pro-rebel NESOHR)[3]
  • 2009 Jan-May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) [4]
  • 2009 Jan-May Tamil civilians killed & unaccounted: 40,000[5] to 70,000 (UN)[6][7]
Injured1956-2004: 61,132 Tamil civilians[2]
Victims1956-2004: Tamil civilians[2]
  • Raped: 12,437 women
  • Arrest/Torture: 112,246
  • Displaced: 2,390,809
PerpetratorsSri Lanka Sri Lanka Armed Forces, Sri Lankan government, Sri Lanka Police, Sinhalese mobs
MotiveAnti-Tamil sentiment, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, Sinhalisation

History edit

Land grabbing and Colonization edit

Main article: Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes

The Sri Lankan military's control and domination of the Tamil population, along with systematic land grabs have been described as part of a "genocidal process that is destroying the land-based political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental foundations" of the Tamil community.[17] Sinhala Buddhist nationalists within the Sri Lankan government, Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored Sinhala colonisation, with the explicit intention to take the land into "Sinhala hands" away from the Tamils,[18] and to disrupt the Tamil-speaking continuity between the north and east.[19] This resulted in a significant demographic shift, with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone, thus promoting Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony in the area.[20] Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions, whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege,[21] making them minorities in their own lands.[22]

Whilst empowering Sinhalese settlers, the scheme also served as a means to marginalize, exclude, and harm Tamil speaking minorities, treating them as the 'other'.[23] It has been perhaps the most immediate cause of inter-communal violence,[24][25][26][27] with violent displacement of Tamil civilians to make way for Sinhalese settlers occurring several times.[28][29] The University Teachers for Human Rights has described this as ethnic cleansing of Tamils occurring with the support of the government since the 1956 Gal Oya riots.[30] Following the end of war in 2009, Sinhalese officials and settlers in Weli Oya have expressed their desire to take more land further north in order to “make the Sinhala man the most present in all parts of the country”.[31]

Pogroms edit

Main articles: 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1981 anti-Tamil pogrom, and Black July

The anti-Tamil pogroms in Sri Lanka, particularly the most infamous one in 1983, known as the Black July massacre which killed more than 5000[2] Tamils in a single week, were primarily fueled by ethnic tensions and political factors.[32]

Resistance Movement edit

The independence of Sri Lanka in 1948 marked the beginning of heightened ethnic tensions, as policies implemented by the Sinhalese-dominated government marginalized the Tamil population, leading to social, economic, and political disenfranchisement.[14][17] This systemic discrimination sowed the seeds of unrest. There were civil disobedience which was followed by armed struggle against Sri Lanka state to form a independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam.[14][17]

Civil Disobedience edit

Main articles: 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom and 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom

In 1956, when Sinhala language was made the official language through Sinhala Only Act and Tamil language rights were denied, the then S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike government launched Sinhalese thugs and attacked the Tamil leaders and volunteers who were peacefully doing Satyagraha for Tamil language rights in Colombo.[33] The armed forces of the government acted in support of the Sinhalese thugs.[33]

In 1958, Tamils who protested against the ruler's law to engrave Sinhala "Sri" on the license plates of motor vehicles in the Tamil areas were jailed for peacefully erasing the Sinhala "Sri" character and using it as a whip, Sinhalese thugs attacked the Tamil people all over the country. During this racist attack, a priest of a Hindu temple at Pananturai was burnt alive. Children were crammed to death inside a barrel of boiling tarp. Estimated loss of Tamil lives range from 300 to 1500.[34]

In 1961, the Sinhalese army was brought to the Tamil areas for the first time to quell the Tamils who were protesting in front of the District Governor's offices in a peaceful way against the imposition of Sinhala language in the administration of the courts in the Tamil areas and demanding that Tamil should be the language of administration in the districts inhabited by Tamils.[35] Tamil peaceful protesters were brutally beaten and arrested by Sri Lankan Government.[35][36][37][38][39]

Armed struggle edit

The failure of the civil disobedience led to the formation of several armed Tamil resistance movements, the most prominent of which was the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), aiming to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of the island called Tamil Eelam.[14] This war was known the Sri Lankan Civil War or Eelam War.[40]

Mullivaikkal massacre edit

Main articles: Mullivaikkal massacre and White Flag incident

Mullivaikkal massacre was the mass killing of tens of thousands of Sri Lankan Tamils in 2009 during the closing stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War ending in May 2009 in a tiny strip of land in Mullivaikkal, Mullaitivu. The Sri Lankan government designated a no fire zone in Mullivaikkal towards the end of the war. According to the UN, between 40,000–70,000[41] entrapped Tamil civilians were killed by the actions of Sinhala Government Forces and LTTE, with the large majority of these civilian deaths being the result of indiscriminate shelling on the rebel held areas, including hospitals, UN hub and near the Red Cross ship by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] During the final days of the war, the Sinhala army also engaged in indiscriminate executions of Tamils, civilians as well as fighters who surrendered waving white flag.[57]

Aftermath edit

Forced Displacement edit

After the end of armed conflict, the persistent Sinhala militarization of conflict-affected areas has hindered efforts to find lasting solutions. In the fields of trade, tourism, agriculture, and fishing, the military has grown to be a significant economic force and a fierce rival to the native population, especially those who have returned.[58] Additionally, it has intervened in regions that are typically managed by civilians. It still occupies private land, making it difficult for Tamil residents who have been displaced to return.[58]

According to Tamil Center for Human Rights, from 1956 to 2004, 2.3 million Tamils have been displaced due to the war.[2] More than 115,000 internally displaced Tamils (IDPs) were still living in camps, host communities, or transit sites as of the end of September 2012, which is 3 years after the end of armed resistance movement. Many had also been forcibly moved against their will to locations other than their original homes.[58]

Massacres and killings edit

Main article: List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces

Forced Disappearances edit

Sexual violence edit

Main article: Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka

Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka has occurred repeatedly during the island's long ethnic conflict. The first instances of rape of Tamil women by Sinhalese mobs were documented during the 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom.[59] This continued in the 1960s with the deployment of the Sri Lankan Army in Jaffna, who were reported to have molested and occasionally raped Tamil women.[60] Further rapes of Tamils were carried out by Sinhalese mobs during the 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms.[61][62][63]

Following the outbreak of war, rape was used by the almost entirely Sinhalese Sri Lankan armed forces,[64] in an attempt to collectively punish the Tamil population, who were often seen as being supportive of the LTTE.[65][66][67][note 1] Both Tamil females and males were targeted for rape, including children.[69][70][71] Other groups which committed rape against Tamils included the Indian Peace Keeping Force and Sri Lankan Police.[72][73][65]

Death toll edit

Several sources that track Tamil civilian killings between 1956 to 2009 estimate that between 154,022 and 253,818 Tamil civilians were killed by Sinhala dominated Sri Lanka Armed Forces over that time.[74]

According to the Tamil Center for Human Rights report in 2004, for the period of 1956 to 2001, 79,155 Tamil civilians were killed. This figure includes 54,044 dead and 25,266 disappeared forever.[2] The Sri Lankan military is known to have been killing an average of 233 Tamil civilians every month, or seven a day, in 1986.[75][17] According to Pro-rebel NESOHR, from 2002-2008 Dec, 4,867 Tamil civilians were killed. This figure includes 3,545 dead and 1,322 disappeared forever.[3]

According to the UN's report in November 2012, a total of 70,000 Tamil civilians were unaccounted for the period of 2009 Jan to May.[6][7]

In the year 2011, Bishop Joseph's team from Mannar said it believed there were as many as 146,000 Tamil people still unaccounted for during the last phase of fighting.[76][5] According to International Truth and Justice Project's report in the year 2021, the final phase of the civil war has resulted in the death of 169,796 Tamil civilians.[4]

UN Response edit

Several United Nations agencies have also investigated the massacres.[77]

International reactions edit

The international community's response has been varied, with some countries and international bodies recognizing the events as constituting acts of genocide or war crimes, and calling for comprehensive investigations and accountability measures. However, the acknowledgment and classification of these events as "genocide" remain controversial and are subject to political and diplomatic considerations.[78]

Recognition of Genocide edit

Countries such as Canada and the state of Tamil Nadu in India have been vocal in acknowledging the genocide of the Tamil people, advocating for international investigations into war crimes and human rights violations.

In 2022, The Parliament of Canada made May 18 as the Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.[79][80] On an official letter addressing the Tamils who have suffered through the genocide, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, along with other supportive statements, wrote

“In October 2022, we joined our international partners in adopting an United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution that calls on the Sri Lankan government to address the human rights, economic, and political crises in the country. Canada has been a global leader in the adoption of other UNHRC resolutions calling for freedom of religion, belief, and pluralism in Sri Lanka – essential elements to secure peace and reconciliation in the years to come – and we will continue our work to safeguard human rights across the world. And in January 2023, our government imposed sanctions against four Sri Lankan government officials in response to human rights violations on the island."[81]

 
A rally commemorating the Tamil Genocide in Melbourne, Australia

The letter was titled: Statement by the Prime Minister on the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day. It was written on May 18, 2023, as the day Tamils across the world acknowledge as Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day. It is a remembrance day observed by Eelam Tamil people to remember those who died in the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War.[82][80]

However, in an interview with Bob Rae, the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, in April 2023, Garnett Genuis clarified that a recognition of genocide by the House of Commons does not necessarily reflect a similar, official position taken by the government of Canada. Rae claimed that he was not aware of Canada taking such a position.[83] Then, in June 2023, the Daily Mirror claimed that it obtained information that the Canadian foreign ministry had privately told the Sri Lankan government that Canada "had not made any finding that genocide had taken place in Sri Lanka."[84]

Permanent Peoples' Tribunal edit

Between 7-10 December 2013, the Rome-based Permanent Peoples' Tribunal held a tribunal on Sri Lanka in Bremen, Germany to investigate accusations that the Sri Lankan government committed genocide against the Tamil people. The panel of 11 judges, which included experts in genocide studies, past UN officials, human rights activists and experts in international law, unanimously found Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide.[85]

Recognition of Black July edit

Main article: Black July

The late Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi declared the Black July massacre to be a genocide against the Tamil people on August 14, 1983.[86][87] However, she was not prepared to intervene or exert pressure on Sri Lanka.

In December 1983, The Review, a publication of the International Commission of Jurists said:[87]

"The evidence points clearly to the conclusion that the violence of the Sinhala rioters on the Tamils amounted to acts of genocide."

Sri Lanka's reaction edit

Sri Lanka has responded to the statements which have been made by several world leaders including primarily Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. In certain Sri Lankan government websites such as the one for the high commission of Sri Lanka in Singapore the government has stated Sri Lanka rejects the reference to Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day by the Canadian Prime Minister and that it is a distorted narrative of the past conflict in Sri Lanka is aimed solely at achieving local vote-bank electoral gains, and is not conducive to broader goals of communal harmony.[88]

Commemoration edit

 
Mullivaikkal memorial Jaffna prior to distruction.

Sri Lanka edit

In Jaffna, the northern province of Sri Lanka, a statue was erected to honor the memory of the victims of the conflict, particularly the events that unfolded in Mullivaikkal in May 2009. This statue served not only as a memorial but also as a symbol of the Tamil community's resilience and mourning. However, the memorial faced significant opposition and was destroyed, reflecting ongoing tensions and the contentious nature of memorializing the conflict within Sri Lanka.

The destruction of the statue sparked protests and outcry both locally and internationally, highlighting the deep scars left by the conflict and the importance of memorialization in the healing process. Efforts were made to rebuild the statue, namely public sit in protests and hunger protests. This act of reconstruction not only restored the physical monument but also served as a reaffirmation of the community's commitment to remembering the past and seeking justice. The rebuilding of the statue in Jaffna stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of the Tamil people and their continued struggle for recognition and reconciliation.

Tamil Genocide Memorial edit

The Tamil Genocide Memorial in Jaffna commemorates the lives lost during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly in its final stages in the area of Mullivaikkal.

India edit

 
Illuminated sculpture of Tamil Paavai (Tamil Goddess/Tamil Mother), at the entrance of Mullivaikal Muttram

The Mullivaikkal Memorial or Mullivaikkal Muttram is a memorial dedicated to the Mullivaikkal massacre, the killings of Tamil civilians during the final phase of the war between Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and Sri Lankan armed forces at Mullivaikkal in 2009. The Mullivaikal Memorial is in the Thanjavur District of the Tamil Nadu state in neighboring India. On 6 November 2013, the inauguration of the Mullivaikal Memorial took place.[89] One of the Tamil political party's leader Pazha Nedumaran and the World Tamil Confederation Trust he heads are the founders.[90]

Mauritius edit

 
Memorial Pillar at Mauritius

In honor of the Tamil citizens and LTTE soldiers, the mayor of Beau Bassin Rose Hill, Louis Andre Toussaint, in Mauritius, has constructed a pillar. It was constructed in response to the Mauritius Tamil Temple Federation's (MTTF) requests. The memorial's epitaph says:

"THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED TO THOSE 146,679 TAMILS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES INNOCENTLY AND 40,000 REPORTED LOST IN DEFENCE OF THEIR BELOVED MOTHERLAND IN SRI LANKA"

On top, the memorial has the Eelam Tamil ethnic National Flag on which it is written "Tamil Eelam" in Tamil letters. This memorial is located cated within the Beau Bassin Rose Hill Municipal Council's grounds, a short distance from the mayor's office.[91]

Canada edit

A Tamil Genocide Memorial to be built in Chinguacousy Park, in Brampton, Canada by 2025, the design was finalised in February 2024, after 3 years of delay.[92][93]

Canadian Mayor Patrick Brown promised to build a monument after the Mullivaikkal memorial in Sri Lanka was torn down in January 2021. In recognition of the importance of memorialization for the Tamil diaspora, a proposal was made to build a Tamil Genocide Memorial in Brampton, Canada. The proposal aimed to provide a space for reflection, remembrance, and education, acknowledging the community's loss and resilience.

The initiative to erect the memorial in Brampton was met with both support and criticism. Proponents argue that it serves as a necessary acknowledgment of the atrocities faced by the Tamil population and as an educational tool for future generations. Critics, however, raise concerns about the potential for such memorials to foster division or impact diplomatic relations. Patirck Brown stated "While there might be some people trying to 'whitewash' history in Sri Lanka and rewrite history — we can't stand for that."

Tamil Genocide Education Week edit

In June 2020, Toronto District School Board (TDSB) approved a motion calling on the Ministry of Education to incorporate Genocide education as compulsory learning unanimously.[94] In this genocide education, Tamil genocide was included as a complimentary component.[95] Around the same time Vijay Thanigasalam, a Progressive Conservative MPP, tabled Ontario bill 104, also known as the 'Tamil Genocide Education Week Act'. The Bill states: 

"The seven-day period in each year ending on May 18 is proclaimed as Tamil Genocide Education Week. During that period, all Ontarians are encouraged to educate themselves about, and to maintain their awareness of, the Tamil genocide and other genocides that have occurred in world history."

This Bill was opposed by Sinhalese groups who took the Ontario Legislature to court. However, their constitutional challenge was dismissed as the Ontario judge, Justice Jasmine Akbarali, upheld Bill 104 in battle ‘over who gets to write the history of the war'. The court examined evidence and heard arguments from all parties in order to better determine whether or not what occurred amounted to a genocide of Tamils. Justice Jasmine Akbarali stated "The dominant characteristic of the law is to educate the public about what the Ontario Legislature has concluded is a Tamil genocide.” [96]

Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day edit

 
Mullivaikkal Remembrance day, 2016: Eelam Tamil women and children can be seen grieving in Mullivaikkal
Main article: Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day

Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day is a remembrance day observed on each 18th May by Sri Lankan Tamil people to remember those who died in the genocide during the Sri Lankan Civil War. It is held each year on 18 May, the date on which the civil war ended in 2009, and is named after Mullivaikkal, a village on the north-east coast of Sri Lanka which was the massacre scene of the final battle of the civil war.

In popular culture edit

Songs edit

Documentaries edit

Main article: List of films about the Tamil genocide

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Rasika Kobbekaduwa, a former Sri Lankan military police officer told a UK court that he was taught to 'humiliate' opponents of the government regime through 'organised sexual assaults'.[68]

References edit

  1. ^ WP:CALC from below
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  3. ^ a b "Collection of NESoHR's Human Rights Reports 2005-2009" (PDF). NESHOR. p. 659-861.
  4. ^ a b Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War https://itjpsl.com/assets/ITJP_death_toll_A4_v6.pdf
  5. ^ a b "Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka". Refworld/United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. United Nations. 31 March 2011. p. 41. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka". United Nations. November 2012. p. 14. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
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  8. ^ Kingsbury, Damien (2012). Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide. Routledge. pp. 82–93. ISBN 978-0-415-58884-3.
  9. ^ Short, Damien, ed. (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. London, UK: Zed Books. pp. 93–126. ISBN 978-1-84277-930-9.
  10. ^ MacDermot, Niall, ed. (December 1983). "THE REVIEW" (PDF). ICJ Review (32). International Commission of Jurists: 24.
  11. ^ Veerasingham, Ramanan (11 December 2013). "Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT". Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka (JDS). Retrieved 2024-05-07.
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  23. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
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  35. ^ a b "Sinhala Army attacks Tamil Satyagrahis - 1961".
  36. ^ https://tamilnation.org/forum/sachisrikantha/070824edmund_samarakkody
  37. ^ https://tamilnation.org/nadesan/senate_speeches/610502emergency
  38. ^ https://tamilnation.org/books/eelam/sivanayagam2
  39. ^ https://noolaham.net/project/688/68740/68740.pdf
  40. ^ https://www.wionews.com/photos/a-timeline-to-tamil-tigers-37-year-marathon-struggle-against-lankan-army-for-separate-state-219592
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  65. ^ a b Wood, Elisabeth Jean (1 March 2009). "Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?". Politics & Society. 37 (1): 131–161. doi:10.1177/0032329208329755. ISSN 0032-3292. S2CID 154539643.
  66. ^ Katherine W. Bogen, April 2016, Rape and Sexual Violence: Questionable Inevitability and Moral Responsibility in Armed Conflict, Scholarly Undergraduate Research Journal at Clark, Volume 2
  67. ^ ""We Will Teach You a Lesson": Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces". Human Rights Watch. 2013-02-26.
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